Cumans and Russians (1055-1240) ELMETWALI TAMIM* (Alexandria University, Egypt) Of the various appellations for this large tribal union, in this chapter I will use the form Cumans to avoid confusion. It is the name most commonly found in the Greek and Latin sources. However, the same tribal union also appears as the Kip- chaks ( i ^ i (meaning steppe/desert (people) 1 , with variants like Khifshakh < Khif- chdkh ¿Wii (¿Uiiijl^ii. 2 ) in the Muslim sources, The Arabic author al-Marwazi (writing about 1120) however referred to them as Qun, 3 which corresponds to the Hungarian name for the Cumans, Kun. 4 They appear to have called themselves Kipchaks, which meant that they came from the Kipchak, a Turkish name applied vaguely to the great north-western steppe of Asia, now known as the Kirghiz steppe. 5 The name Polovtsy (Polovcian) (yellowish, sallow) appears in Russian * Lecturer of Medieval History, Faculty of Education in Damanhour, Alexandria Univer- sity, Egypt. 1 al-Káshgharl (Mahmüd ibn Hussayn ibn Muhammad), Diwán lughat al-Turk, (Ankara, 1990), 20; P. B. Golden, "The peoples of the south Russian steppes," Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, ed. D. Sinor, Cambridge 1994), 277; O. Pritsak, "The Polovcians and Rus," Archívum Eurasiae medii aevi 2 (1982), 321-322, n.3. For the etymology, see, Pritsak, Polovcians, 325-327. 2 Ibn Khurdadhbih (Abu'1-Kásim Obaidallah ibn Abdallah), Kitab Al-Masalik Wa'l- Mamalik, Arabic text edited by M. J. De Goeje, Leiden 1889, 31 (henceforth: Ibn Khurdadhbih); Hudúd al-'Álam, The Regions of the World. A Persian Geography, 372 A.H./ 982A.D., translated and explained by V. Minorsky, with a preface by V.V. Barthold (1930) translated from the Russian (Oxford, 1937), 101 (hereafter Hudud); Abü-1-Fidá' (Tmad Ad-Din Isma'il bin 'Umar bin Kathir), Taqwim al-buldan, Arabic text edited by Reinaud and de Slane (Paris, 1840), 206; Ibn al-Fakih al-Hamadháni, Kitáb Al-Boldan, Arabic text ed. M. J. De Goeje, Leiden 1885, 329; Pritsak, Polovcians, 321-322, n.3. 3 V. Minorsky, Sharaf al-Zaman Tahir Marvazi on China, the Turks and India: Arabic Text (circa AD 1120) with an English translation and commentary, London 1942, 18 (henceforth: Marvazi); I. Vásáry, Cumans and Tatars, Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185- 1365, Cambridge 2005,5. For the etymology, see, Pritsak, Polovcians, 328-331. 4 A. Bruce Boswell, "The Kipchak Turks," Slavonic Review, 6, No. 16 (June, 1927), 70 (hereafter Boswell, Kipchak). 5 Boswell, Kipchak, 7. 198