Abstract— The purpose of this work is to understand, for Ce
doped materials, how the effect of the local crystal environment
of Ce compared to the character of the host cation, influences
the scintillation and fluorescence of different materials. In the
case of YAP (YAlO
3
) and LAP (LaAlO
3
) while very similar
materials, YAP is a moderately bright Ce activated scintillator
while LAP shows no Ce activation. It is known from
experimental work that in the case of LAP the Ce 5d states lie
in the conduction band of the host, quenching any scintillation.
Since YAP and LAP have different crystal structures it is not
possible to know from experiment if the change in the local
environment of the Ce or the different host cation are
responsible for the very different scintillation properties. To
isolate the di fferent effects of local environment compared to
host cation, two theoretically synthesized systems obtained by
swapping La and Y in LAP and YAP geometries were created.
In this way we artificially create a La version of YAP (and Y
version of LAP) where the local environment of Ce is the same
as YAP and only the next nearest neighbour cation differs. We
then perform first principles density functional based
calculations for all four systems to determine the positions of
the 4f and 5d Ce states relative t o the conduction and valence
bands of the host. Our preliminary results show that LAP in
the YAP geometry still has the Ce 5d in the conduction band,
quenching scintillation while YAP in the LAP geometry still has
the 5d below the conduction band. This su ggests the cation
character, which typically determines the conduction band
character and position, is more important in determining Ce
activation properties than the local dopant environment for
these materials.
I. BACKGROUND
The subject of this work is the theoretical study of cerium -
doped gamma -ray detector materials. Our goal is to gain
new knowledge of general principles of scintillation through
computational mode lling of the key scintillation step in
synthetic materials.
Scintillation in Ce -doped materia ls corresponds to a
transition between the Ce 5d excited state, (usually referred
to as (Ce3+)*) to the ground state 4f level. In previous work
[1,2,3] we have performed density functional based
theoretical calculations for the prediction of candidate
scintillator materials based on the calculation of the Ce 5d
Document received November 21, 2010.
This work was supported by the U. S. Department of Homeland Security
and carried out at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory under U. S.
Department of Energy Contract No. DE -AC02-05CH11231.
The authors are with E.O. Lawren ce Berkeley National Laboratory, 1
Cyclotron Rd, MS55R0121, Berkeley, CA, 94720. (Phone: 510 -486-4858,
fax: 510-486-4768, email: RBuchko@lbl.gov
and 4f levels relative to the valence and conduction band of
the host material. A necessary condition for Ce activated
luminescence and scintillation is that the 4f and 5d levels
must lie in the gap of the host material. An important
question that needs to be answered within this paradigm is
what is the main factor needed to satisfy this condition in a
specific compound: the chemical composition of the
compound, or the crystalline structure and neares t neighbour
geometry of the cerium dopant ion. In order to answer this
question, we consider two cerium -doped compounds:
lanthanum and aluminium Perovskites ( commonly called
LAP and YAP). YAP is a known cerium activated
scintillation material, while LAP ha s been showen not to
exhibit cerium -activated scintillation, unlike many other
compounds that contain lanthanum. In order to check the
relative importance of geometry and chemical composition
in determining the position of cerium 4f and 5d levels within
the host crystal, we consider two theoretically synthesized
systems obtained by swapping La and Y in the two
compared compound s. If the new synthetic YAlO
3
and
LaAlO
3
in LAP and YAP geometries exhibit the same
scintillation properties as real compounds it wo uld indicate
that the chemical composition is the dominant factor.
However, if change in the crystalline structure forced change
in scintillation properties, it would indicate at the relative
importance of local geometry of the Ce
3+
dopant. This study
takes advantage of the unique ability of computational
modelling to examine properties of compounds that may be
unstable or cannot be sythesized experimentally
II. METHODS
Density functional theory calculations are used to
construct wavefunctions of the ground st ate and the lowest
excited state modelled by constraining band occupancy as
described in [1 -3]. Wavefunction spatial localization within
individual ion Wigner -Seitz cells is analysed to determine
which states are ionic 4f and 5d states of the cerium dopant
ion. Potential scintillators are defined as systems with Ce 4f
above the valence band maximum of the host crystal and Ce
5d below the conduction band minimum of the host.
Electronic structure calculations for the true LAP and
YAP compounds were performed using the known geometry
from ICSD database. Supercells of 120 -160 atoms were
constructed from the unit cells a single Ce ion was inserted
into the supercell replacing a lanthanum or an yttrium ion,
and the atomic positions within the cell were relaxed t o
accommodate the dopant. In the synthetic compounds, we
first relaxed the host crystal geometry (both atomic positions
A theoretical study of the relative importance of chemical and
geometric effects for Ce -based scintillation in La and Y aluminum
perovskites
Rostyslav Boutchko, Andrew Canning, Anurag Chaudhry and Stephen Derenzo
275 978-1-4244-9105-6/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEE