Urbanities, Vol. 8 · No 1 · May 2018
© 2018 Urbanities
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Between Formal and Informal Work: Entrepreneurialism in Colombia
Julián Medina-Zárate
(Cardiff University, U.K.)
medinazaratej@cardiff.ac.uk
This article explores perspectives for the application of multi-sited ethnography in the study of the Colombian
formal and informal world of work in relation to entrepreneurial practices that can be traced in the local and
global contexts. The core idea is that, in neoliberal globalisation, the Colombian world of work is expressed in
diverse ways that cannot be studied as isolated phenomena. Instead, they must be examined in relation to broader
contexts and to the juxtapositions and synergies between different systems. A multi-sited ethnography provides a
framework to understand the entrepreneurial field of Bogotá in terms of movements, forces and imaginaries. The
emerging reflections stimulate criticism of the division between formal and informal work and encourage an
understanding of the different expressions of work around the world as interconnected and interdependent.
Keywords: Entrepreneurship, discursive practices, informal work, formal work, precarity, subjectivity.
Introduction
A fascinating figure arises while I research about identities and subjectivities of precarized
entrepreneurs around the world. His name is San Precario di Milano (Saint Precarious of
Milan). He is a Catholic saint who appeared on February 29 of 2004 in protest against
precarization of work in Italy. San Precario is the patron saint of all precarious workers: the
flexible workers, the temporary employees, the informal workers and, in general, all those
workers who experience at different levels the insecurity and vulnerability of neoliberal
regimes of work. That is why this Saint has no nationality, even if he appeared in Italy for the
first time.
What catches my attention is the attempt to represent a common base to express and to
make visible the conditions of workers that experience precarity, intended as the embodiment
of the power relations and forces that constitute the state of this condition under neoliberal
capitalism (Tsianos & Papadopoulos 2006). So, this image is used by many different groups,
such as workers of the fashion industry in Milan, Mc Donald’s workers from Paris or
feminists in Spain, the Precarias (Shukaitis 2007).
Immediately, this makes me ask, who else could pray to or ask for help of San Precario
in Colombia? Could it be the sub-employed workers that are searching for more hours of
work to earn sufficient money to subsist? Could it be the street sellers who work in insecure
and inadequate contexts while making just the basics to live? Further, what about the ‘formal’
employees of creative industries that are paid by product, independently of the time they
invest in each duty? Also, what about the academic workers who have to deal with a
combination of academic, bureaucratic and administrative tasks, which impairs the formal
academic and educative activities? And what about the self-employed workers and
entrepreneurs who invest both their capital and their workforce because of the lack of job
opportunities, forcing them to make work the core of their existence?
In many ways, San Precario represents all these workers. Even though their professional
and economic backgrounds are different, using a material image to represent them is a robust
strategy oriented to find shared experiences that configure the injustices and inequities of the
globalised neoliberalism. For this reason, San Precario will be the principal character of this