Research Article High-Density DArT Markers and Phenotypic Characterization of Cowpea Accessions (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) B. G. Adu , 1 R. Adu Amoah , 1 L. M. Aboagye, 1 M. G. Abdoul Aziz, 2 and R. Boampong 1 1 Council for Scientific and Industrial Research - Plant Genetic Resources Research Institute, Bunso, Ghana 2 Department of Civil Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana Correspondence should be addressed to B. G. Adu; bg.adu@csir.org.gh Received 25 April 2021; Accepted 12 October 2021; Published 25 October 2021 Academic Editor: Othmane Merah Copyright © 2021 B. G. Adu et al. is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) is an important component of most traditional cropping systems in the tropics. It provides leafy vegetables and/or grains and forages and acts as a cover crop. We characterized 16 cowpea accession collections in Ghana using agromorphological traits and high-density silicoDArT markers for breeding and efficient conservational purposes. Principal component analysis indicated pod, leaf, and seed characters such as pod length, seeds per pod, terminal leaves shape, number of leaves, hundred seed weight, and seed weight per plant as discriminatory traits in revealing the variation among the accessions. Trait associationanalysisrevealedasignificantcorrelationbetweenthepodnumber,podlength,seedsperpod,numberofleaves,andseed weight per plant that could allow the selection to improve the grain yield. Moderate to high broad-sense heritability and genetic advance observed for most of the traits indicate that the selection would result in foreseeable genetic improvement. e 9,706 silicoDArTmarkers used in the study were able to reveal genetic variation among the tested cowpea collections. Accessions GH5039 and GH6056 were established as duplicates based on the silicoDArTmarkers, which could enhance efficient germplasm utilization and conservation. Accessions GH3685, GH3674, and GH4541 were identified for high leaf and pod production and high seed yield perplant,whichcouldbegoodcandidatesfordualpurposecowpeaproduction,whichiscommoninthesubsistencefarmingsystem. 1. Introduction Cowpea is an economically important indigenous African legume crop and a major source of plant proteins, vitamins [1, 2], animal fodder [3], and is of considerable importance in humannutritioninthesemiaridandtropicalregionsofAfrica [4].Cowpeaisalsowelladaptedtothesemiaridregionsofthe tropics where other food legumes do not perform well due to its ability to tolerate drought and high temperature. It per- forms well even in poor soils and has the unique ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen [5]. e young leaves, green pods, and green seeds are used as vegetables, whereas dry seeds are used in a variety of food preparations [6]. Collectively, these characteristicshavemadecowpeaanimportantcomponentof subsistence agriculture, particularly in the dry savannas of sub-Saharan Africa, which has brought about the importance of developing “dual purpose” cowpea varieties with the ability to produce high seed and leaf yield [7]. InGhana,PlantGeneticResourceandResearchInstitute ofGhana(PGRRI),asubsidiaryofCouncilforScientificand Industrial Research (CSIR) with several collections of cowpea accessions in conservation has the mandate to collect, characterize, evaluate, document, conserve, dis- tribute, and utilize plant genetic resources. ese activities are fundamental, following continues threat of plant genetic resourcesthroughhumanactivitiesandnaturaldisasters[8]. Knowledge about the diversity or variation in a given germplasm forms the basis for breeding, efficient manage- ment, and conservation. Prebreeding activities, such as characterization and evaluation, enhance genetic resource conservation and promote the identification of favorable alleles of genes related to important agronomic traits in the germplasm for subsequent incorporation into crop im- provement programmes [9]. e characterization of germplasm can be achieved through morphological and molecular markers. Observed Hindawi Advances in Agriculture Volume 2021, Article ID 6336684, 12 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6336684