ORIGINAL ARTICLE The all-cause mortality and risk factors for mortality within five years among prevalent Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Mohamad Adam Bujang 1 & Xun Ting Tiong 1 & Fatin Ellisya Saperi 1 & Mastura Ismail 2 & Feisul Idzwan Mustafa 3 & Abd Muneer Abd Hamid 4 Received: 21 February 2018 /Accepted: 6 August 2018 /Published online: 18 August 2018 # Research Society for Study of Diabetes in India 2018 Abstract Despite new comprehensive approach in diabetes care, type 1 diabetes is still facing considerable premature mortality. This study aims to examine associated risk factors for all-cause mortality among prevalent patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) within 5 years’ period and subsequently develop a logistic regression model to predict the outcome. This was a cohort study where prevalent patients diagnosed with T1DM were notified in a national diabetes registry. Patients’ particulars were recorded between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2009. Their records were matched with national death record at the end of year 2013 to determine the status of mortality within 5 years. The factors associated with mortality were investigated, and a prognostic model was developed based on logistic regression model. There were 665 patients included in the study, and 105 patients died within 5 years. The mortality rate was 1.6 persons per 100 person-years and the standardized mortality ratio was 10.04. Majority causes of death were due to circulatory system (33.8%) and infection (32.5%). Multivariate analysis suggested that gender, age group, and ischemic heart disease (IHD) were the major contributing factors towards the outcome. Elderly male with IHD has a significant risk of mortality within 5 years with probability of event of 0.755, while elderly female with IHD has probability of event of 0.612. The main causes of death among prevalent T1DM patients were heart disease and infection. Male gender, elderly age group, and having IHD were significant risk factors of mortality in prevalent T1DM patients within 5 years. Keywords Associated factors . Diabetes type 1 . Mortality . Prognostic model Introduction Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic illness caused by the body’ s inability to produce sufficient insulin. This noncommunicable disease is usually diagnosed in children and young adults and was previously known as juvenile dia- betes. There were wide variations existing with regard to the incidence rates of T1DM in different countries. The annual incidence rates for childhood T1DM are between 0.1 and 37.4 per 100, 000. The lowest incidences are in China and Venezuela with 0.1 per 100,000 per year, and the top highest incidences are in Finland and Sardinia with 40 per 100,000 per year [1–3]. Currently, there are no official statistics reported regarding incidence rate of T1DM in Malaysia. * Mohamad Adam Bujang adam@crc.gov.my Xun Ting Tiong tiongxt.crc@gmail.com Fatin Ellisya Saperi fatinellisya17@gmail.com Mastura Ismail drmastura@moh.gov.my Feisul Idzwan Mustafa feisulidzwan@gmail.com Abd Muneer Abd Hamid muneer@crc.gov.my 1 Clinical Research Centre, Sarawak General Hospital, Ministry of Health, Jalan Tun Ahmad Zaidi Adruce, 93586 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia 2 Health Clinic Seremban 2, Ministry of Health, Seremban, Malaysia 3 Non-Communicable Diseases Sector, Ministry of Health, Putrajaya, Malaysia 4 National Clinical Research Centre, Ministry of Health, Putrajaya, Malaysia International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries (April–June 2019) 39(2):284–290 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13410-018-0686-2