~ 1184 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2018; 6(5): 1184-1887 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 JEZS 2018; 6(5): 1184-1887 © 2018 JEZS Received: 22-07-2018 Accepted: 23-08-2018 Zahid Bashir Khanday M.V.Sc. Scholar, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute Karnal Haryana, India Prince Cauhan Ph.D. Scholar, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute Karnal Haryana, India Dipak Dey Ph.D. Scholar, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute Karnal Haryana, India Raman Malik Principal Scientist, ICAR- National Dairy Research Institute Karnal Haryana, India Diwas Pradhan Scientist, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute Karnal Haryana, India Chhaya Goyal Ph.D. Scholar, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute Karnal Haryana, India Correspondence Zahid Bashir Khanday M.V.Sc. Scholar, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute Karnal Haryana, India A review on fermentation quality of paddy straw silage Zahid Bashir Khanday, Prince Cauhan, Dipak Dey, Raman Malik, Diwas Pradhan and Chhaya Goyal Abstract Currently there is great deal of interest worldwide in improving the utilization of low quality roughage and straw. Paddy straw contains only 3% protein and 1900 kcal DE/kg of straw. Because of low nutritive value, it alone cannot support normal growth and development of animals. In spite of large production in India, only a small proportion of rice straw is utilized rest is burnt in the field leading to serious air pollution. Despite the improvements of crop residues through various processing methods such as physical and chemical, the efficient utilization to desirable extent is still awaited. To utilize this crop residue judiciously, there is a need for improvement of its nutritive value to promote its utilization through ensiling. Ensiling is a preservation way, but it could be beneficial, if good and scientific efforts are followed in making silage. Understanding the fundamental principle of ensiling is a prerequisite for successful silage product. Prominent factors influencing quality of silage product include water soluble carbohydrates, natural microbial population, and harvesting conditions of the forage. Various additives are used to control the fermentation processes, to enhance nutrient recovery and improve silage stability. This review emphasizes some practical aspects of silage processing and the use of additives for improvement of fermentation quality of rice straw. Keywords: Paddy straw, stubble burning, ensiling, molasses, urea, potato vines, distiller’s grains 1. Introduction The area occupied under paddy in India is about 88.07 million hectare. We produces about 350 × 10 7 kg per year of crop residue every year, of which wheat residues constitute about 27% and rice residues about 51% [9] . Rice straw is fed to cattle and buffaloes in India since ages. Dry rice straw is not a suitable feed for ruminant animals because rice straw has limited nutritive value (low crude protein and digestibility & high level of lignification and silicification. Rice straw contains about 3% crude protein (air dry basis), 35% crude fiber and 1900 kcal DE/kg of straw. Because of its low energy and protein content, the straw alone cannot support normal growth, causing a loss of body mass it should be used only as a replacement for part of the forage in a ration. It should not be used as a complete ration. Poorer animal performance has usually occurred when rice straw was the only feed; therefore suitable treatment for rice straw is necessary. 2. The Produce of Crop Stubble and Stubble Burning In spite of a very high production a very little proportion of paddy straw is utilized as roughage due to its poor feeding value. The remaining is used as firewood, or directly burnt in the field so as to cause serious air pollution. Despite a ban on stubble burning by the National Green Tribunal (NGT) and Pollution Control Board, Indian farmers continue to defy the orders with impunity. In Punjab only a large portion, 12 million tonnes of rice straw is subjected to burning [18] in fields primarily to clear them prior to the sowing of wheat crop. Karnal was among the top violator districts in Haryana and a major contributor to pollution caused by stubble burning. Burning of farm waste causes severe pollution of land and water on local as well as regional scales. It is estimated that the burning of straw results in nutrient losses and adversely affects the nutrient budget in the soil. Burning agriculture residues has multiple negative effects including local air pollution, increase in black carbon and contributions to regional and global climate change [4] . It results in the emission of smoke which if added to the gases present in the air like methane, nitrogen oxide and ammonia, can cause severe atmospheric pollution. One tonne of straw on burning releases 3 kg of particulate matter, 60 kg