Transport of a Noncohesive Sandy Mixture in Rainfall and Runoff Experiments 1 P. H. WALKER, P. I. A. KINNELL, AND PATRICIA GREEN 2 ABSTRACTrr-iRANSPORT OF GRANULAR SOLIDS in overland flow is a J- fundamental aspect of hillslope erosion (Emmett, 1970; Rainfall intensity of 45, 100 and 150 mm/hr with systematically MQSS ^ Wajk19?8) An ^ m fector enhand varied kinetic energies were applied to a saturated noncoheswe, sandy. ., - .•*•j•j bed 3 m long and set at slopes of 0.5 and 5%. Detailed size analyses of tranS P° rt 1S the ^bined action of raindrop impact and solids discharged showed that the <31- M m fraction was most readilyoverland flow (Ellison, 1945; Hudson, 1957; Walker et al., mobilized and behaved as a suspended load; the 31- to 250-Mm1977). However, the mechanisms associated with this fraction was transported slowly, much apparently as saltating bedcombined action are not clearly understood. load; the 0.25- to 4-nun fraction was transported rapidly, grainsThe experiments reported here were designed to assess tending to move as rolling bed load; the >4-mm fraction behaved as athe effect of raindrop impact on the transport of grains in lag gravel. The sedimentary properties of bed deposits also reflectedoverland flows using a sandy, noncohesive bed mixture the differentiation of various size fractions and minerals in the which was readi i y detachable. Artificial rainfalls of mod- original mixture. The effects of raindrop impacts within the flow were erate {o high intensity and high kinetic energy were used to more important in promoting transport of solids than the aerial simulate intense rainstorms However, experiments were component of splash. Under conditions where overland flow had.,....,....,,...... developed, transport of solids was related directly to rainfall intensity reStnCted tO Conditions where rilling and channelling did and variations in rainfall energy that were associated with variations not occur and where overland flows covered most of the in raindrop impact frequency. Increases in rainfall energy due tosurface. increasing raindrop sizes did not result in increases in solids dis- charged.MATERIALS AND METHODS Additional Index Words: raindrop impact, suspension, bed load. Main Experiments—The basic sequence of 36 rainfall and Walker, P. H., P. I. A. Kinnell, and Patricia Green. 1978. Transport of a runoff experiments was carried out on a saturated undrained bed noncohesive sandy mixture in rainfall and runoff experiments. Soil Sci.set at slopes of 0.5 and 5%, with three rainfall intensities of 45, Soc. Am. J. 42:793-801.100, and 150 mm/hr, each with six energy levels ranging from —————28.8-41.6 J/m 2 per mm of rainfall. 'Contribution from the Sediment Transport Group, CSIRO, Division of Artificial Rainfall—Artificialrainfall was produced from a f^^^AjSvS^^-"- 2601 ' Australia - Received rr ar sy rk ate c d a r e .v;: ting flume °- 61 by z° m 'Senior Principal Research Scientist and Experimental Officers, respec-(Walker et al., 1977). Steady rainfall intensities were established lively.before each experiment and were checked by measuring the