Central Bringing Excellence in Open Access   JSM Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Cite this article: Husain Q (2017) Nanomaterials Immobilized Cellulolytic Enzymes and their Industrial Applications: A Literature Review. JSM Biochem Mol Biol 4(3): 1029. *Corresponding author Qayyum Husa in, De p a rtm e nt of Bio c he m istry, Alig a rh Muslim Unive rsity, Fa c ulty o f Life Sc ie nc e s, Aligarh-202002, Ind ia , Te l: 919897701792; Em a il: Submitte d: 28 July 2017 Accepted: 07 August 2017 Publishe d: 09 August 2017 ISSN: 2333-7109 Copyright © 2017 Husain OPEN ACCESS Ke ywo rds • Enzym e s • C e llula se • Ce llo b ia se • β-1,4-glucosidase • Im m o b iliza tio n • Na no p a rtic le s • Pullula na se • Re usa b ility • Sta b iliza tio n • The rm o sta b ility Review Article Nanomaterials Immobilized Cellulolytic Enzymes and their Industrial Applications: A Literature Review Qayyum Husain* Department of Biochemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, India Abstract The immobilization of cellulolytic enzymes via nanosupport minimizes the problem of steric hindrances between enzyme and carrier, as it has been frequently observed in case of enzymes immobilized on the surface of bulk supports. Cellulolytic enzymes immobilized on the surface of nanomaterials or entrapped inside polymeric nanospheres showed high catalytic effciency and yield of immobilization. Nanomaterials bound cellulolytic enzymes were found signifcantly more stable against heat, pH, storage, operational and several other kinds of denaturants. These immobilized enzyme preparations were found less inhibitory to their inhibitors and products. Immobilized enzymes retained remarkably high activity on repeated uses and the nanocarriers bound cellulolytic enzymes have demonstrated their potential in various felds such as in clarifcation of juices and wines, extraction of plant oils and coffee, bioconversion of agricultural waste, improving the digestibility of animal feed ingredients. A major application at present is the biodegradation or bioconversion of cellulose to monomeric sugars. Agricultural waste rich in lignocellulosic material has been utilized in the production of large number of industrial products like ethanol, organic acids and other industrially important chemical compounds. Cellobiases immobilized on nanocarriers have also proved their potential as therapeutic agents. ABBREVIATIONS 3-APTES: 3-aminopropyl- triethoxysilane; CBD: Cellulose- Binding Domain; CDI: Carbodiimide; CS: Chitosan; CMC: Car- boxymethyl Cellulose; CLEA: Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregates; EDC: (1-ethyl-3-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl) Carbodiimide Hy- drochloride; GA: Glutaraldehyde; NC: Nanocomposite; MNPs: Magnetic Nanoparticles; NMs: Nanomaterials; NPs: Nanoparti- cles; MS: Mesoporous Silica; MWCNTs: Multiwalled Carbon Na- notubes; PVA: Polyvinyl Alcohol; PMMA: Poly(Methyl Methacr- ylate); RSM: Response Surface Methodology INTRODUCTION Cellulose is one of the three main components of lignocelluloses. Lignocellulose forms the cell wall and structural tissue of almost all plant systems. It is most abundant regenerative agricultural raw material all over the globe and it is considered as one of most important substrate for the conversion of biomass to biofuels [1]. Cellulose is comprised of hundreds or thousands of glucose molecules and these glucose units are joined together via glucosidic linkages. The first step in the utilization of cellulose into various industrial sectors is its conversion into free glucose. This conversion is brought about by the sequential action of enzymes; these enzymes are known as cellulolytic enzymes [2,3]. Cellulolytic enzymes are widely present in plants, insects, bacteria and fungi. Both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria are capable of producing cellulolytic enzymes as single enzyme or in the form of cellulosomes, multi-enzyme complexes which are comprised of several cellulolytic enzymes [4,5]. Since past few decades the application of cellulolytic enzymes has attracted a lot of attention due to increasing demand for hydrolyzed cellulose products in various industrial sectors. Numerous kinds of cellulose hydrolyzing enzymes are required for efficient hydrolysis of cellulose and these are mainly three types of synergistically acting enzymes [6,7]. Table 1 and Figure 1 demonstrate enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose into glucose using various types of cellulolytic enzymes. Endoglucanases hydrolyze glycosidic bonds in the amorphous part of the substrate and produce water soluble oligo and polysaccharides. Cellobiohydrolases cleave crystalline ends of cellulose producing cellobiose and tetrasaccharides. Cellobiase is also known as β-glucosidase which is responsible for the hydrolysis of cellobiose into glucose monomers [8,9]. These enzymes are employed in a large number of industrial processes, such as in cotton and paper manufacturing, food and fuel industry, extraction and clarification of fruits juices, brewery and wine, animal feed additives, detergents, agriculture and research [10,11]. Moreover, cellulolytic enzymes are gaining