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Teachers College Record Volume 121, 070301, July 2019, 38 pages
Copyright © by Teachers College, Columbia University
0161-4681
W. E. B. Du Bois’s Concept of Sympathetic
Touch as a Mediator of Teachers’
Expectations in an Urban School District
DANIEL D. LIOU
Arizona State University
LETICIA ROJAS
Brandman University
Background/Context: Research has shown teachers’ expectations of students to be a powerful
predictor of the racial opportunity gap. Yet, many teachers continue to profile White students
and Students of Color very differently in schools when it comes to intellectual capacity and
motivation to learn. One of the major ethical challenges of teachers’ expectations is how sym-
pathy is constructed in the classroom. Too often, teachers exhibit sympathy through feeling pity
for the life challenges facing low-income Students of Color, a dynamic that can result in the
lowering of expectations via anticipation of school failure.
Purpose/Objective: Inspired by W. E. B. Du Bois’s (1935) concept of sympathetic touch, the
purpose of this article is to introduce asset-based instructional practices rooted in sympathy
as a method for confronting systemic problems of pity and deficit thinking which perpetuate
low teachers’ expectations. There is a pressing need for an antiracist framework within which
teachers can communicate sympathy in an appropriate manner that still hold students to
high expectations for learning. This study intends to fill the gaps in the literatures of teachers’
expectations of students, social context of education, urban education, and teacher education
by reenvisioning a way to effectively meet the needs of America’s diverse school populations.
Participants: The study was conducted with a sample of nine teachers from low-income,
racially segregated neighborhoods in a large urban school district. These teachers were selected
for the study based on the following criteria: (1) minimum of three years of teaching experi-
ence; (2) working with a majority of Students of Color; and (3) perceived by either their prin-
cipals and/or counselors to have a positive impact in the classroom and positive relationships
with their students. The participants were screened based on these criteria before their partici-
pation in the study. We then drew on the literature to inform the final selection of the teachers.
Research Design: This case study was conducted over the span of one year and included
semistructured interviews, three rounds of teacher reflection prompts, informal observations,
and a collection of archival data such as course syllabi, lesson plans, lists of ongoing activi-
ties related to content instruction, flyers or other materials related to these activities, examples
of students’ assignments, and photographs of classroom activities.