International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391 Volume 5 Issue 7, July 2016 www.ijsr.net Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY Quantitative Analysis and Characterization of Liver Diseases using Ultrasound Scans Asma I. Ahmed 1 , Babkir A. Awad Alla 1 , Mohamed Elfadil M. Gar-elnabi 1, 2 , Muna Ali 1 , Abdoelrahman Hassan A. B 1, 2, 3, 4* 1 Sudan University of Science and Technology, College of Medical Radiological Science, Khartoum, Sudan 2 Radiology Department, Elnileen Diagnostic Medical Center, Khartoum, Sudan 3 Radiology Department, Antalya Medical Center, Khartoum, Sudan 4 National university-Sudan, Faculty of Radiography & Medical Imaging, Khartoum, Sudan Abstract: This is a retrospective study done to evaluate the role of ultrasound in classification of diffuse liver diseases mainly Hepatitis(B) and Cirrhosis with normal liver, in which there were 179 cases (60 were normal cases, 59 had Cirrhosis and 60 had Hepatitis (B) )) were subjected to be examined by a trans abdominal U/S scanning using ‘Honda’ Aloka and General Electric scanners with 3.5 MHz probe to collect data about liver echo texture, shape, caudate and right lobe sizes, portal vein caliber, spleen size, shape of left edge of liver and presence of ascites. Any patient had liver tumor or fatty liver was excluded from this study. The collected data were analyzed using linear discrimination to identify ultrasound finding for each disease. The results of the study using linear discriminant analysis and measurable quantities for the livers; reveals that the normal liver can be identified by an accuracy of (100%) while the sensitivity of the diagnosing liver cirrhosis was 98.3% and for hepatitis type B the sensitivity was 90% where 10% of the cases showed measures similar to the normal liver; this occurs specially in early stage of disease. Keywords: liver cirrhosis, Hepatitis, portal vein, edge of the liver, caudate lobe. 1. Introduction The liver is the largest organ in the body weighing 1400- 1600 gm in the males and 1200-1400 gm in the females (Mohan 2010) occupying a substantial portion of the upper abdominal cavity. It occupies most of the right hypochondrium and epigastrium, and frequently extends into the left hypochondrium as far as the left lateral line. As the body grows from infancy to adulthood the liver rapidly increases in size. This period of growth reaches a plateau around 18 years and is followed by a gradual decrease in the liver weight from middle age. The ratio of liver to body weight decreases with growth from infancy to adulthood. The liver weighs approximately 5% of the body weight in infancy and it decreases to approximately 2% in adulthood. The size of the liver size is measures less than 15 cm (Harald 2011) and varies according to sex, age and body size. Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver, which can ultimately lead to cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in its chronic stages. Hepatitis can be acute or chronic, and come in many forms, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, and G. The two most common forms are hepatitis A and B. Hepatitis A is spread by fecal–oral route in contaminated water or food. Hepatitis B is spread by contact with contaminated body fluids, mother-to-infant transmission, or inadvertent blood contact, as seen in the case of intravenous drug abuse or occupational exposure. An additional concern for healthcare workers is work-related exposure to hepatitis C. The World Health Organization (WHO) defies cirrhosis as a diffuse process characterized by fibrosis and the conversion of normal liver architecture into structurally abnormal nodules. Three major pathologic mechanisms combine to create cirrhosis: cell death, fibrosis, and regeneration. Cirrhosis has been classified as micronodular, in which nodules are 0.1 to 1 cm in diameter, and macronodular, characterized by nodules of varying size, up to 5 cm in diameter. Alcohol consumption is the most common cause of micronodular cirrhosis, and chronic viral hepatitis is the most frequent cause of the macronodular form. Sonographic examination is often requested to assess hepatic abnormality. It is of a homogeneous, mid-grey organ on ultrasound. It has the same, or slightly increased echogenicity when compared to the cortex of the right kidney. Its outline is smooth. Criteria for analyzing diffuse liver disease include evaluation of liver parenchyma (echo texture, shape, caudate and right lobe size, ultrasound attenuation, vascular architecture) as well as its surface. 2. Materials and Method Firstly the Patient was prepared by a period of fasting prior to upper abdominal imaging to maximize the distension of the gall bladder and to reduce food residue and gas in the upper GI tract which may reduce image quality or precluded liver imaging. This is essential for full imaging of the liver and related biliary tree but may not be required in an acute situation such as trauma where imaging of the gall bladder is not immediately essential. A patient may take small amounts of still water by mouth prior to scan, particularly for taking any medications. Because there is some evidence that smoking can reduce image quality when scanning upper abdominal structures so it is good practice to encourage a patient not to smoke for 6-8 hours prior to US scan. Smoking Paper ID: NOV163591 http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/v5i7.NOV163591 132