Research Article
Emergency Planning Zones Estimation for Karachi-2 and
Karachi-3 Nuclear Power Plants using Gaussian Puff Model
Sümer Fahin
1
and Muhammad Ali
2,3
1
Near East University, Faculty of Engineering, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, Yakın Do˘ gu Bulvarı,
PK:99138 Lefos ¸a/KKTC, Mersin 10, Turkey
2
ATILIM University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 06836
˙
Incek, G¨ olbas ¸ı, Ankara, Turkey
3
Directorate of Nuclear Power Engineering-Reactor (DNPER), Directorate of Nuclear Safety (DNS),
P.O. Box 3140, Islamabad, Pakistan
Correspondence should be addressed to S¨ umer S ¸ahin; sumer.sahin@neu.edu.tr
Received 6 May 2016; Revised 25 June 2016; Accepted 5 July 2016
Academic Editor: Arkady Serikov
Copyright © 2016 S. S ¸ahin and M. Ali. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Emergency planning zones (PAZ and UPZ) around the Karachi-2 and Karachi-3 nuclear power plants (K-2/K-3 NPPs) have
been realistically determined by employing Gaussian puf model and Gaussian plume model together for atmospheric transport,
difusion, and deposition of radioactive material using onsite and regional data related to meteorology, topography, and land-
use along with latest IAEA Post-Fukushima Guidelines. Te analysis work has been carried out using U.S.NRC computer code
RASCAL 4.2. Te assumed environmental radioactive releases provide the sound theoretical and practical bases for the estimation
of emergency planning zones covering most expected scenario of severe accident and most recent multiunit Fukushima Accident.
Sheltering could be used as protective action for longer period of about 04 days. Te area about 3 km of K-2/K-3 NPPs site should
be evacuated and an iodine thyroid blocking agent should be taken before release up to about 14 km to prevent severe deterministic
efects. Stochastic efects may be avoided or minimized by evacuating the area within about 8 km of the K-2/K-3 NPPs site. Protective
actions may become more efective and cost benefcial by using current methodology as Gaussian puf model realistically represents
atmospheric transport, dispersion, and disposition processes in contrast to straight-line Gaussian plume model explicitly in study
area. Te estimated PAZ and UPZ were found 3 km and 8 km, respectively, around K-2/K-3 NPPs which are in well agreement with
IAEA Post-Fukushima Study. Terefore, current study results could be used in the establishment of emergency planning zones
around K-2/K-3 NPPs.
1. Introduction
Emergency planning zones (EPZs) are established around
nuclear power plants in order to implement prompt and
efective protective actions and other response actions to
protect the public during nuclear emergency situation at
nuclear power plant(s). Te emergency situation arises due
to damage of nuclear fuel present in nuclear reactor core
or in spent fuel pool of nuclear power plants. Such emer-
gency situations may have severe health efects (deterministic
and stochastic) which afect public in diferent ways, for
example, prompt causalities, reducing their life quality, and
causing physiological and socioeconomic problems. Tese
consequences can be prevented or mitigated by implementing
protective actions promptly in the designated areas, that
is, emergency planning zones. Te designated areas include
precautionary action zone (PAZ) to reduce substantially the
risk of severe deterministic efects and urgent protective
action planning zone (UPZ) and to reduce substantially the
risk of stochastic efects. Te importance of EPZs has been
demonstrated in Fukushima Accident as protective actions;
that is, evacuation of public within 20 km and sheltering
within 20–30 km (later on advised to evacuate voluntarily)
prevented radiological consequences efectively [1, 2].
Emergency planning zones are estimated considering
spectrum of accidents, environmental releases of radioactive
materials, meteorology, and radiological doses from difer-
ent exposure pathways. Te consideration of spectrum of
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations
Volume 2016, Article ID 8549498, 8 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8549498