healthcare
Article
Association of Maternal Observation and Motivation (MOM)
Program with m-Health Support on Maternal and
Newborn Health
Premalatha Paulsamy
1
, Vigneshwaran Easwaran
2
, Rizwan Ashraf
3
, Shadia Hamoud Alshahrani
1
,
Krishnaraju Venkatesan
4,
* , Absar Ahmed Qureshi
4
, Mervat Moustafa Arrab
1,5
, Kousalya Prabahar
6
,
Kalaiselvi Periannan
7
, Rajalakshimi Vasudevan
4
, Geetha Kandasamy
2
, Kumarappan Chidambaram
4
,
Ester Mary Pappiya
8
, Kumar Venkatesan
9
and Vani Manoharan
10
Citation: Paulsamy, P.; Easwaran, V.;
Ashraf, R.; Alshahrani, S.H.;
Venkatesan, K.; Qureshi, A.A.; Arrab,
M.M.; Prabahar, K.; Periannan, K.;
Vasudevan, R.; et al. Association of
Maternal Observation and
Motivation (MOM) Program with
m-Health Support on Maternal and
Newborn Health. Healthcare 2021, 9,
1629. https://doi.org/10.3390/
healthcare9121629
Academic Editor:
Veronique Demers-Mathieu
Received: 27 October 2021
Accepted: 21 November 2021
Published: 25 November 2021
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral
with regard to jurisdictional claims in
published maps and institutional affil-
iations.
Copyright: © 2021 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).
1
College of Nursing, Mahalah Branch for Girls, King Khalid University, Khamis Mushaiyt 61421, Saudi Arabia;
pponnuthai@kku.edu.sa (P.P.); shalshrani@kku.edu.sa (S.H.A.); marb@kku.edu.sa (M.M.A.)
2
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia;
vickku.e@gmail.com (V.E.); glakshmi@kku.edu.sa (G.K.)
3
Department of Pharmacology, University College of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Lahore,
Lahore 55150, Pakistan; drriz72@yahoo.com
4
Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia;
aqureshi@kku.edu.sa (A.A.Q.); raja@kku.edu.sa (R.V.); kumarappan@kku.edu.sa (K.C.)
5
Family and Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Menoufia University,
Shibin el Kom 32511, Egypt
6
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia;
kgopal@ut.edu.sa
7
Department of Mental Health Nursing, Oxford School of Nursing & Midwifery, Faculty of Health and Life
Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0FL, UK; kperiannan@brookes.ac.uk
8
Regional Nursing Administration, Directorate of General Health Affair, Ministry of Health,
Najran 21431, Saudi Arabia; epappiya@moh.gov.sa
9
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University,
Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia; kumarve@kku.edu.sa
10
Georgia CTSA, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, GA 30078, USA; vani.manoharan@emoryheslthcare.org
* Correspondence: kvenkatesan@kku.edu.sa
Abstract: Maternal and child nutrition has been a critical component of health, sustainable develop-
ment, and progress in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). While a decrement in maternal
mortality is an important indicator, simply surviving pregnancy and childbirth does not imply better
maternal health. One of the fundamental obligations of nations under international human rights law
is to enable women to endure pregnancy and delivery as an aspect of their enjoyment of reproductive
and sexual health and rights and to live a dignified life. The aim of this study was to discover
the correlation between the Maternal Observation and Motivation (MOM) program and m-Health
support for maternal and newborn health. A comparative study was done among 196 pregnant
mothers (study group—94; control group—102 mothers) with not less than 20 weeks of gestation.
Maternal outcomes such as Hb and weight gain and newborn results such as birth weight and
crown–heel length were obtained at baseline and at 28 and 36 weeks of gestation. Other secondary
data collected were abortion, stillbirth, low birth weight, major congenital malformations, twin or
triplet pregnancies, physical activity, and maternal well-being. The MOM intervention included
initial face-to-face education, three in-person visits, and eight virtual health coaching sessions via
WhatsApp. The baseline data on Hb of the mothers show that 31 (32.98%) vs. 27 (28.72%) mothers in
the study and control group, respectively, had anemia, which improved to 27.66% and 14.98% among
study group mothers at 28 and 36 weeks of gestation (p < 0.001). The weight gain (p < 0.001), level
of physical activity (p < 0.001), and maternal well-being (p < 0.01) also had significant differences
after the intervention. Even after controlling for potentially confounding variables, the maternal food
practices regression model revealed that birth weight was directly correlated with the consumption
of milk (p < 0.001), fruits (p < 0.01), and green vegetables (p < 0.05). As per the physical activity and
maternal well-being regression model, the birth weight and crown–heel length were strongly related
Healthcare 2021, 9, 1629. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9121629 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/healthcare