Research Article
Predicting the Risk of Depression Based on ECG Using RNN
Sumaiya Tarannum Noor ,
1
Syeda Tasmiah Asad ,
1
Mohammad Monirujjaman Khan ,
1
Gurjot Singh Gaba ,
2
Jehad F. Al-Amri ,
3
and Mehedi Masud
4
1
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
2
School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
3
Department of Information Technology, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, P. O. Box 11099,
Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
4
Department of Computer Science, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, P. O. Box 11099,
Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
Correspondence should be addressed to Mehedi Masud; mmasud@tu.edu.sa
Received 17 June 2021; Revised 15 July 2021; Accepted 21 July 2021; Published 29 July 2021
Academic Editor: Syed Hassan Ahmed
Copyright©2021SumaiyaTarannumNooretal.isisanopenaccessarticledistributedundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
is paper presents a model to predict the risk of depression based on electrocardiogram (ECG). is proposed model uses a
Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) autoencoder to predict normal, abnormal, and PVC
heartbeats.eRNNmodelisadeeplearning-basedmodeltoclassifynormal,abnormal,andPVCheartbeats.eusedthemodel
asaclassifier.emodelusesaheartratesdatasettopredictabnormalandPVCheartbeats.Asforthedataset,wehaveused5000
ECG samples. e model was trained on a training dataset and validation dataset. After that, it was tested on a test dataset. e
modelistrainedonnormalheartbeatrates,sothemodelcanpredictanyheartbeatratesotherthannormal.Ourcontributionhere
is to build a model that can differentiate between “normal,” “abnormal,” and “risky” heartbeats. Our model predicts “normal”
heartbeatswith97.24%accuracyandcanpredict“PVC”heartbeatswith100%accuracy.Otherthantheaccuracy,weevaluatedour
model on the training loss graphs. ese two types of training loss graphs were evaluated as “normal” versus “risky” and
“abnormal”versus“risky.”ehaveseengreatresultsthereaswell.ebestlossesfor“normal,”“abnormal,”and“risky”are5.71,
33.36,and34.78.However,theseresultsmayimproveifalargerdatasetisused.Instudies,itwasfoundthatpatientssufferingfrom
depression may have a different kind of heartbeat than the normal ones. In most cases, it is PVC (Premature Ventricular
Contraction) heartbeats. erefore, the target is to predict abnormal heartbeats and PVC heartbeats.
1.Introduction
ECG is a painless and common process. is ECG is ba-
sically a graph of voltage versus time. e heart’s electric
activity is shown in the graph, which is collected using an
electrodeplacedontheskin.eseelectrodesareconductive
pads that are attached to the body. Approximately 10
electrodes with adhesive are attached to the skin of your
chest, arm, and legs. Many common heart problems are
predicted through ECG. It is used to predict abnormal heart
rhythm (arrhythmia), blocked or narrowed arteries in the
heart caused by “coronary artery disease” that may cause
chest pain or heart attack, the possibility of a previous heart
attack, and functioning of a pacemaker. Heartbeat rate is the
numberofpulsesaheartmakesperminute.Heartbeatrateis
directly connected to our health. hile the heart beats,
bloodcontainingoxygenandnutrientscirculatethroughour
body. e heartbeat rate goes higher if one gets involved in
the exercise. ere are two types of heartbeat rates: target
heartbeat rate and maximum heartbeat rate. rough many
studies [1–3], the authors took 75–100 the normal heartbeat
rate of an adult. If the heart starts to beat in an irregular
system, it can be considered an abnormal heart rate. R-on-T
Premature Ventricular Contraction (R-on-T PVC) is caused
by a ventricular ectopic focus (abnormal pacemaker sites
within the heart). It produces an early and broad QRS
Hindawi
Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience
Volume 2021, Article ID 1299870, 12 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/1299870