International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN: 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2016): 79.57 | Impact Factor (2017): 7.296 Volume 7 Issue 12, December 2018 www.ijsr.net Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY Usage of Poultry Waste for Welfare of Mankind- A Review Anand Laxmi N. 1 , Mahapatra R.K. 2 1, 2 Principal Scientist, Animal Physiology, ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500030, India Abstract: In India poultry industry is the fastest growing agro-based industry. There is large amount of accumulation of poultry related wastes in terms of litter, manure etc. and the extent of waste production is more when there is intensive poultry production. Due to intensive poultry production there is every chance of major environmental problems as poultry waste is a major source of pollution, pathogens and odour. Besides all these problems, poultry litter contains lot of energy and fertilizer sources which can be utilized for the betterment of agriculture. The fertilizer obtained from poultry wastes, becomes organic fertilizer which enhances the soil fertility, sustainability which provides prospect for the agricultural sector to reduce their dependence on chemical fertilizers. For sustainability in agriculture, use of chemical fertilizers should be avoided and instead of this new waste management systems should be implemented which will be economically feasible and eco-friendly. For best utilization of poultry waste options like compost preparation should be adopted. Although poultry litter is a good source of nitrogen, phosphorus and trace elements for crop production but its direct application to the fields become counter-productive. Therefore, the best way to utilize poultry litter is to use it in the form of compost. Compost made out of poultry wastes becomes very effective in improving the physical, chemical and biological fertility of soil. Since poultry litter has got lot of nitrogen and phosphorus, so to neutralize the deleterious effect of the toxicity arose out of high concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus, brown materials like dry or woody plant material may be used. A perfect mixture of poultry litter and brown material forms the compost pile may heat up and take less time to break down into useable compost and will not smell bad. The brown material also helps the litter to allow air to pass through the compost which will result in better quality of fertilizer in the form of compost. It can, therefore, be concluded that the poultry litter can be mixed with supplements like rice hulls and straw in proper ratio of carbon and nitrogen for compost preparation for the safe application in the field. Wastes including mortalities, hair, feathers and processing wastes can be converted to products which are useful for mankind. The poultry farm waste products such as poultry feather, offal and litter/manure are mainly responsible for the environmental pollution. Renewable sources can be used to develop by products which can be used efficiently. It also decreases environmental pollution. Poultry litter can be used for different purposes: As fertilizer in agriculture, for compost formation, pelletization, electric power generation, and cogeneration of steam and electric power. Poultry litter produced annually can be estimated by multiplying the average amount of litter generated per bird times the number of birds produced annually (Carr, 2002). Consumption of clean energy and increasing agricultural productivity is the prime agenda of the developing countries, in order to feed the increasing population and continue to keep our surrounding environment as clean as possible. 1.Poultry Manure and Its Utility in Agriculture Rearing of chickens is labor intensive and good management skills are required. Management of different variables in production houses must be maintained for the optimum growth of birds and at the same time health of the poultry should be maintained. Poultry litter contains 13 plant nutrients including: nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, manganese, copper, zinc, chlorine, boron, iron, and molybdenum (John et al., Bolan et al., 2004). Litter contains approximately 25% of moisture content. It can be dry also. When combusted can cause increase in temperature of approximately 2000 degrees Fahrenheit. It can be used as a potential energy source (Darren et al., 2006). Poultry manure or chicken manure consists of mainly faeces and urine of chickens. Poultry litter contains mixture of manure with left over feed, feathers and bedding materials like wood shavings or sawdust. It is an organic manure enriched with elements like N, P, K and trace elements like Zn, Cu, As etc. The composition and quality of poultry litter varies with the types of poultry, types of litter used, diet and dietary supplements, and way of collection and storage of the litter (Shamim Reza, 2016). At present, the most common use of poultry litter in agriculture is it’s application to crops as fertilizer. Abroad Regulations have been devised by Management Programs for the proper use of poultry litter. With increase in storage time, nutritional value of the litter deteriorates rapidly. Depending on the processing conditions also, the nutritive value of poultry manure varies. Poultry manure contains nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium at 1-3% range and also other micro-nutrients at considerable amount (Amanullah et al., 2010; Bolan et al., 2010). Besides absorption of moisture, manure has readily available nitrogen, if care is not taken it can cause burning problem. Application of poultry manure for crop production improves soil moisture retention and greater uptake of nutrients by plants. Deep litter manure is produced by layers. The litter consists of rice husk or wood shavings when mixed with the faecal matter of chickens, aerobic fermentation occurs (Simpson, 1986). Application of poultry manure increases the phosphorus content of the soil. The amount of poultry litter that can be applied as fertilizer depends on the phosphorus content of the soil in the field, further this has to be verified by conducting tests. Phosphorus Fertility Index Value (FIV) and its Phosphorus Site Index (PSI) are calculated. It is observed that poultry litter cannot be legally applied to the fields where soils with a FIV greater than 150 and a PSI greater than 100 are recorded (Litchen berg et al., 2002, http://www.arec.umd.edu/Policycenter/). The value of poultry litter in land application as fertilizer depends on several factors, including the value of the nutrients provided, application costs and transportation costs. Under nitrogen- based nutrient management plans, less of the phosphorus and potassium contained in the litter applied, are taken up by crops than under phosphorus-based management plans. The average nutrient value per ton of litter is lower under the nitrogen based nutrient management system than the latter (Sharpley and Moyer, 2000; Tiquia and Tam, 2002). Paper ID: ART20193617 10.21275/ART20193617 988