e-ISSN: 2320-7949 p-ISSN: 2322-0090 51 RRJDS | Volume 5 | Issue 1 | March, 2017 Research & Reviews: Journal of Dental Sciences INTRODUCTION Attention-defcit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurobiological disturbances that develop in childhood. It is a disorder, which can be manifested in the preschool and early school years [1,2] . The main characteristics of ADHD include: impetuous, hyperactivity, behavioural and emotional defcits and inattention [3] . There are subtypes of ADHD, which include: the inattentive, the hyperactive/impulsive, and the combined type [4] . The data from genetic and environmental clearly stated that the etiology of this disorder is dopamine related gene (DRD4 AND DAT) and support its association with the ADHD. They documented the presence of structural and functionally abnormality in the brain [5] . Other researchers suggested that, traumatic injuries to the brain might also be accompanied with behaviors characteristic of ADHD [6] . In the same way, prenatal exposure to alcohol, exposure to any source of infections such as meningitis and birth trauma also has been linked to the development of ADHD [7] . Food components, especially, food additives/artifcial colors, food allergies, and refned sugar, are considered to be a causal link to ADHD [8] . Overall, scientifc evidence has not supported these hypotheses. Oral Health Status of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review Azza A. El-Housseiny 1,2 , Najlaa M. Alamoudi 1 , Sumaya Nouri 1* , Bashaer Abdulhadi 1 , Reem Allarakia 1 1 Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia 2 Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypta Review Article ABSTRACT Background: Attention-defcit hyperactivity disorder is one of the most common neurobiological disturbances that develop in children. Its characteristics can directly affect the individual’s ability to maintain good oral hygiene; however there is no clear evidence whether it is a risk factor for poor oral health. Objectives: To assess the oral health status of children with attention- defcit hyperactivity disorder and to determine if this condition infuences the oral health status of the affected children. Methods: A systematic search was conducted using multiple search engines. Only English publications between the years 2000 and 2014 that assess the oral health status including the caries experience and/or oral hygiene and/or gingival health and that included healthy controls were included. The target population was children with Attention-defcit hyperactivity disorder that are free from any other medical condition, with ages ranging from 0-18 years. Results: Database search retrieved a total of 207 records using the keywords. According to title screening and after removing the duplicates 38 records were found to be relevant to our specifcations and their abstracts were reviewed. Finally 10 articles were found to be suitable for inclusion in the systematic review. Children with attention-defcit hyperactivity disorder tend to have signifcantly higher caries in the primary dentition compared to controls. Enamel caries were also found more signifcantly among this group of children. They also have higher plaque index scores when compared to healthy children. Gingival enlargement and gingival bleeding were signifcantly higher in children with attention-defcit hyperactivity disorder who were taking Amphetamine. Registration number: CDR42015015661 with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews. Received: 05/01/2017 Accepted: 20/01/2017 Published: 27/01/2017 *For Correspondence Dr. Sumaya Nouri, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Tel: +966 504 667 364. E-mail: sumaya.nouri@gmail.com Keywords: ADHD, Oral health, DMFT, Gingival index, Gingival health