CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS
VOL. 35, 2013
A publication of
The Italian Association
of Chemical Engineering
www.aidic.it/cet
Guest Editors: Petar Varbanov, Jiří Klemeš, Panos Seferlis, Athanasios I. Papadopoulos, Spyros Voutetakis
Copyright © 2013, AIDIC Servizi S.r.l.,
ISBN 978-88-95608-26-6; ISSN 1974-9791
Uncertainty analysis of industrial fire effects simulation
Samia Chettouh*, Rachida Hamzi, Fares Innal, Djamel Haddad
Laboratory of Research in Industrial Prevention, Institute of health and industrial safety, University of Batna, Algeria
samia.chettouh@yahoo.fr
Smoke dispersion prediction systems are becoming increasingly valuable tools in smoke management.
Numerical models for dispersion and chemical transport, also known as air quality models, can be used to
investigate the fire plume evolution and the smoke impacts (e.g. concentration, temperature). However, all
prediction systems include some level of uncertainty, which may occur from the meteorological inputs,
diffusion assumptions, plume dynamics, or emission production.
Uncertainty analysis enables to avoid as much as possible bad decisions that may have a large impact in
a field such as safety. In this study, we are interested in the uncertainty propagation related to NO2
atmospheric dispersion resulting from a crude oil tank fire. Uncertainties were defined a priori in each of
the following input parameters: wind speed, pollutant emission rate and its diffusivity coefficient. For that
purpose, a Monte Carlo approach has been used.
1. Introduction
Due to the complex nature of fire, mathematical prediction models used in fire safety engineering are often
simplified and based on a number of assumptions. Even when very sophisticated models are available, a
trade-off is often necessary between accuracy, cost and time for design engineers (Lundin, 1999). Many
years of research have made it possible to model a wide range of fire phenomena with fire and smoke
transport models.
Accuracy of results from mathematical models is often complicated by the presence of uncertainties in
their inputs data. Therefore, to be used in effective decision making process, the uncertainty in model
predictions must be quantified (Refsgaard, 2007). Uncertainty analysis investigates the effects of lack of
knowledge and other potential sources of error in the model (e.g., the uncertainty associated with model
parameter values) (EPA, 2009). When carried out, uncertainty analysis allows model users to be more
informed about the confidence that can be placed in model results and hence becomes a quality insurance
factor.
Within the framework of industrial fire effects, uncertainties in fuel loads, fuel consumption, and emission
factors limit our ability to provide the models with accurate emissions inputs. There are also various other
uncertainties in meteorological inputs, and parameters related to modelling of smoke transport and
dispersion. In addition, there are uncertainties in chemical reactions and phase transformations (gas to
particle and vice versa) during the modelling of ozone and secondary particulate matter formation.
In this paper, we study the uncertainty propagation of input parameters of NO2 atmospheric dispersion
model on the variation of its output (NO2 concentration). In particular, three input parameters are
considered as variables: wind speed, pollutant emission rate and its diffusivity coefficient. Each of them is
modeled through a probability density function (pdf). The uncertainty propagation has been conducted
using the Monte Carlo sampling. All the results are presented in terms of mean values and confidence
interval (lower and upper) bounds.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follow. Section 2 is devoted to the presentation of the
developed numeric dispersion model. Section 3 gives the general scheme of uncertainty analysis process.
Also, therein are given the different probability distributions with respect to the considered uncertain input
parameters. Section 4 provides the study results in terms of NO2 plume dispersion and its concentration at
a given threshold distance (defined with regard to target elements). Finally, section 5 summarizes our
concluding remarks.
DOI: 10.3303/CET1335237
Please cite this article as: Chettouh S., Hamzi R., Innal F., Haddad D., 2013, Uncertainty analysis of industrial fire effects simulation,
Chemical Engineering Transactions, 35, 1423-1428 DOI:10.3303/CET1335237
1423