Review on Electrospun Nanofibers Scaffold and Biomedical Applications 93 Trends Biomater. Artif. Organs, Vol 24(2), pp 93-115 (2010) http://www.sbaoi.org/tibao Review on Electrospun Nanofibers Scaffold and Biomedical Applications A. Gholipour Kanani, S. Hajir Bahrami* Department of Textile Engineering Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran, Iran, 15875-4413 *Corresponding author: hajirb@aut.ac.ir (S. H. Bahrami) Received 30 November 2009, Accepted 27 April 2010, Published online 15 August 2010. Recently, nanotechnology as novel interdisciplinary sciences has been introduced among all fields and gets numerous attentions, due to its unique applications. In biomedical engineering, electrospinning exhibits a lot of advantages as a nanofibers scaffolds producer, which can make appropriate resemblance in physical structure with extra cellular matrix (ECM). This is because of the nanometer scale of ECM fibrils in diameter, which can be mimicked by electrospinning procedure as well as its porous structure. In this review, we attempt to explore the electrospun nanofibers scaffolds applications in biomedical engineering. Introdcution Tissue engineering is an emerging multidisciplinary field involving biology, medicine, and engineering that is likely to revolutionize the ways which can improve the health and quality of life for millions of people worldwide by restoring, maintaining, or enhancing tissue and organ function. it has shown great promise in generating living alternatives for harvested tissues and organs for transplantation and reconstructive surgery. The overall goal of tissue engineering is to apply the foundations and innovations of biology, medicine, and engineering to develop and manipulate viable, three dimensional physiologic substitutes that are capable of reinstating, sustaining, or recovering the function of tissues and organs. Composition (i.e., biomaterials of synthetic or natural origin) and architecture of a tissue engineered scaffold result in cell environment interactions that determine the structure’s fate. The ultimate goal is to enable the body (cellular components) to heal itself by introducing a tissue engineered scaffold that the body recognizes as “self”, and in turn, uses to regenerate “neo-native” functional tissues. It has long been hypothesized that in order to duplicate all of the essential intercellular reactions and promote native intracellular responses, the ECM must be mimicked. These synthetic ECMs or scaffolds must be designed to conform to a specific set of requirements [1, 2]. In this review, we would briefly cover the Historical records of tissue engineering. As it comes from the “tissue engineering”, it is directly related to tissue and living cells. Then it is opportune to reminisce over Hooke [3] (1635- 1703) who discovered small holes in cross- sections, which he called cells. In 1858, Virchow’s ideas was described which was about cell formation with the now famous words, “Omnis cellula e cellula…” it means that cells arise from pre-existing cells [4]. He presented his ideas about regeneration stating that tissue regeneration is dependent on cell proliferation. In 1874, Thiersch [5] discovered the important influence of granulation tissue on wound healing, during his attempt to grow skin cells into granulating wounds. 23 years later, Loeb [6] reported the idea of growing cells outside the human body. From that point on many