Observation of emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in Greenland marine mammals Wouter A. Gebbink a, * , Rossana Bossi b , Frank F. Rig  et c , Aqqalu Rosing-Asvid d , Christian Sonne c , Rune Dietz c a Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE 10691, Stockholm, Sweden b Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark c Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark d Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, DK-3900, Nuuk, Greenland highlights graphical abstract  The emerging PFASs, F-53B and PFBS, were detected in East Greenland marine mammals.  F-53B and PFBS liver concentrations were 3e4 orders of magnitude lower than PFOS.  Killer whales were exposed to 17 PFASs but patterns differed compared to ringed seals and polar bears. article info Article history: Received 11 August 2015 Received in revised form 26 October 2015 Accepted 27 October 2015 Available online xxx Keywords: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances Replacement chemicals F-53B PFBS PFOS and FOSA isomers Marine mammals East Greenland abstract The present pilot study examined emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), i.e., a suite of short chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), PFAA precursors and replacement chemicals, and legacy PFASs (long chain length PFAAs) in livers from ringed seals, polar bears and, for the first time, killer whales from East Greenland collected in 2012e2013. Among the emerging PFASs, perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) and F-53B (a chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonic acid) were detected in Arctic wildlife, albeit at concentrations approximately four orders of magnitude lower compared to perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). PFOS was positively correlated with F-53B, but not PFBS in all three species. A total of 17 PFASs were detected in killer whales, including in a motherefetus pair, demonstrating maternal transfer. P PFAS concentrations in killer whales (269 ± 90 ng/g) were comparable to concentrations found in ringed seals (138 ± 7 ng/g), however, an order of magnitude lower compared to concentrations found in polar bear livers (2336 ± 263 ng/g). Patterns of long chain PFAAs in killer whales differed from the pattern in ringed seals and polar bears. Of the monitored PFAA precursors, only per- fluorooctanesulfonamide (FOSA) was detected in all three species, and FOSA/PFOS ratios and isomer patterns indicated that killer whales have a potential lower metabolic capacity to degrade FOSA compared to polar bears and ringed seals. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. * Corresponding author. Present address: RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 230, NL-6700, AE Wageningen, The Netherlands. E-mail address: wouter.gebbink@wur.nl (W.A. Gebbink). Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Chemosphere journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/chemosphere http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.116 0045-6535/© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Chemosphere 144 (2016) 2384e2391 SC/24/FI/06