A MIND OF WINTER 1
A Mind of Winter: The Transformative
Experience of Estrangement by a Stateless
Kurd in Exile in Denmark
Susanne Bregnbæk
Abstract This article explores the transformative experience of estrangement by a Kurdish Iranian refugee
named Hiwa in exile in Denmark. Through a person-centered approach, I focus on what was at stake for stateless
people, such as Hiwa, at a time when right-wing populist asylum politics made achieving permanent citizenship
an uphill battle and leaving Denmark impossible due to the Dublin Regulation. Drawing on psychoanalytic the-
ories of “the multiple self,” I describe Hiwa’s changing self-states as involving a triple reorientation in the form
of an estranged relationship to his past, present, and envisioned future. I analyze this transformative experience
as linked to an existential quest to find a space between the struggle for freedom and submission to a sense
of powerlessness—experiences that sometimes elude conventional language. Finally, I suggest that reading po-
etry and writing about exile constituted a transitional experience enabling an inner world of emotions to be
expressed. The article provides a window to the human consequences of the “Paradigm Shift” in Danish asylum
politics, which entailed making all residence permits temporary—and more broadly to the growing problem of
statelessness in Europe. [transformation, statelessness, refugees, exile, multiple selves, and asylum policies]
I am weary of an anguish that is not mine.
I inhabit a land that is not mine.
I live with a name that is not mine.
I weep from a pain that is not mine.
My existence stems from a joy that is not mine.
I die a death that is not mine.
Ahmad Shamlou, “Poverty”
In The Origins of Totalitarianism, Arendt (2017) described the problem of statelessness as one
of the most signifcant challenges of the twentieth century. Today, statelessness is a reality for
millions of people; we are now experiencing the greatest number of refugees globally since
World War II (Leibson 2019, 1). Following the refugee crisis in 2015, when a wave of migrants
fed to Europe from the Middle East and Africa through the Mediterranean, many European
countries experienced a strong right-wing push to control borders. In Denmark—a country
once famous for its humanitarian values—the approach to migration has been much more
severe compared to that of its immediate neighboring countries in Europe (Bilefsky 2016).
ETHOS, Vol. 0, Issue 0, pp. 1–20, ISSN 0091-2131 online ISSN 1548-1352. © 2022 by the American Anthropological Association
All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1111/etho.12315