sustainability
Review
Linkages between Climate Change and Coastal Tourism:
A Bibliometric Analysis
Vyddiyaratnam Pathmanandakumar
1
, Sheeba Nettukandy Chenoli
1,
* and Hong Ching Goh
2
Citation: Pathmanandakumar, V.;
Chenoli, S.N.; Goh, H.C. Linkages
between Climate Change and Coastal
Tourism: A Bibliometric Analysis.
Sustainability 2021, 13, 10830. https://
doi.org/10.3390/su131910830
Academic Editor: Pablo Peri
Received: 4 August 2021
Accepted: 24 September 2021
Published: 29 September 2021
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4.0/).
1
Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Universiti Malaya,
Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; pathmanandakumarv@esn.ac.lk
2
Department of Urban & Regional Planning, Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Malaya,
Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; gohhc@um.edu.my
* Correspondence: sheeba@um.edu.my; Tel.: +603-79675529
Abstract: Tourism and climate are inextricably linked to several interactions. In recent years, there
has been a greater focus on the linkages between climate change and coastal tourism. This study
aims to provide an overview of the literature on climate change and coastal tourism, identify core
areas of interest and important sources and authors, and examine the thematic evolution of the field.
A bibliometric analysis of 92 documents related to climate change and coastal tourism published in
the Web of Science Core Collection database was carried out. The analysis provides information on
the most cited papers, most leading authors, the most productive countries, and the most leading
institutions in this field. The study utilized the Visualization of Similarities Viewer program (VOS) to
map author keyword co-occurrences, co-citations, and bibliographic coupling. The study showed
that, with some fluctuations since 2008, the number of publications in this field had increased
significantly. The most influential authors and most productive institutions are from the United
States of America, England, Canada, and other European countries. The findings of this study will
assist researchers conducting climate change and coastal tourism-related studies to understand which
papers, academics, organizations, countries, and journals have a dominant influence on climate
change and coastal tourism research.
Keywords: bibliometric analysis; climate change; co-citation; coastal tourism; visualization; VOS
viewer
1. Introduction
Scientific studies on climate change and tourism have expanded for more than 25 years
since the first scientific paper was published in 1986 [1]. However, awareness of climate
change effects on tourism has been sluggish over the next decade. Also, tourism was not
mentioned in the IPCC First Assessment Report (1990) of the United Nations. Tourism
received better coverage in the Second Assessment Report of the IPCC (1995) [2]. How-
ever, the question of how climate change will affect tourism in the future was not well
addressed [3]. Scientific studies relevant to climate change and tourism have risen sub-
stantially towards the end of the 1990s. Publications related to climate change and coastal
tourism increased considerably between 1995 and 2004 [4]. The relationship between
tourism and climate is very intricate, with multiple interactions. The major part of emis-
sions from the tourism sector comes from the greenhouse gas emissions through tourists’
transportation and accommodation [5,6]. The carbon footprint of the global tourism in-
dustry has increased by 15% from 3.9 to 4.5 gigatons (Gt) of equivalent carbon dioxide,
accounting for about 8% of global greenhouse gas emissions, and it is estimated that global
tourism will increase carbon emissions by about 6.5 Gt by 2025 [7]. According to a land-
mark new report from the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and the International
Transport Forum (ITF), tourism transportation emissions are predicted to account for 5.3%
Sustainability 2021, 13, 10830. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910830 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability