XXII International Cartographic Conference (ICC2005) A Coruña, Spain, 11-16 July 2005 Hosted by: The International Cartographic Association (ICA-ACI) ISBN: 0-958-46093-0 Produced by Global Congresos MAP DESIGN FOR NAVIGATION PURPOSES N. Ulugtekin, A. O. Dogru ITU, Civil Engineering Faculty, Cartography Division, 34469 Maslak Istanbul, Turkey ulugtek@itu.edu.tr, dogruahm@itu.edu.tr ABSTRACT Small display cartography is one of the most important subjects of the cartographers since the microcomputer technology develops. Navigation map design for different purposes is considered in this concept. In this paper, map design requirements for navigation and its constraints were explained in terms of small display cartography. Maps used for navigation purposes examined in terms of Multiple Representations because of the scale factor effects. These effects were examined in detail and sample navigation maps are designed for different levels of application. 1. INTRODUCTION Technological developments occurring in time affect cartography as much as the other disciplines related with computer technology. Especially developments in this technology and the use of the Geographical Information Systems (GIS) made significant changes in map production and generalization processes. Managing full automation of these processes considered as one of the main tasks of cartographers and related researchers. As a result, all developments on map design and presentation technologies have added new vision to cartography. However, it has made new discussion points in cartography (Ulugtekin and Dogru, 2004). Stated developments affected automobile industry and navigation systems recently became a part of this market. Thus, use of maps by the driver has evolved from the classical roadmaps to the screen maps presented in car navigation systems while traveling. Map design for navigation purposes is one of the most important and current discussion point of cartography. It needs different and special design considerations in addition to conventional cartographic methods (Dogru, 2004). Symbol selection, feature sizes, map scale choice, memory limitation of the hardware can be considered as only some of these important subjects. On the other hand, the type of the navigation should be considered as a determining parameter while designing these kinds of maps. This study firstly consists of a general overview of cartography and generalization. Map design requirements for navigation and its constraints were explained in terms of small display cartography. Especially scale choice for different stages of the navigation was examined. Finally sample navigation maps were designed with in the context of this study. 2. CARTOGRAPHY AND GENERALIZATION Cartography is the science, art and technology of making, using, and studying maps. As a result of the technological developments, significant changes on cartographic process occurred in time. Digital map production became more important than classical methods with its eases introduced to map production process by the development of computer technologies. Moreover Internet brought a new perspective to the cartography so web cartography became an important and discussing subject for cartographers (Kraak, 2002). Nowadays, mobile mapping technologies and methods, which aim to design maps for mobile devices such as mobile phones or pocket PCs, introduced mobile cartography or small display cartography. Generalization, which is considered as the spatial equivalent of simplification by Bertin (1983), can be defined as selection and simplified representation of detail appropriate to the scale and/or purpose of a map. It is one of the most important and problematic subjects of cartography. It remains problematic, however, for although the widespread use of GIS and spatial databases - and the subsequent need for visualization of spatial data over a huge range of scales - has stimulated much research and development effort, success in the automation of generalization has been limited. Spatial data obtained from the real world is generalized in model and cartographic generalization steps. As stated in Kilpelainen (1997), model generalization is the simplification of the abstract digital model represented by the geographic information, and this stage contains no aesthetic components. It is applied in database and considered as a