mathematics Article Scenario-Based Network Reconfiguration and Renewable Energy Resources Integration in Large-Scale Distribution Systems Considering Parameters Uncertainty Ziad M. Ali 1,2, * , Ibrahim Mohamed Diaaeldin 3 , Shady H. E. Abdel Aleem 4,5 , Ahmed El-Rafei 3 , Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz 6 and Francisco Jurado 7   Citation: Ali, Z.M.; Diaaeldin, I.M.; H. E. Abdel Aleem, S.; El-Rafei, A.; Abdelaziz, A.Y.; Jurado, F. Scenario-Based Network Reconfiguration and Renewable Energy Resources Integration in Large-Scale Distribution Systems Considering Parameters Uncertainty. Mathematics 2021, 9, 26. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ math9010026 Received: 10 November 2020 Accepted: 22 December 2020 Published: 24 December 2020 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neu- tral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Copyright: © 2020 by the authors. Li- censee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/). 1 Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering at Wadi Addawaser, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Wadi Addawaser 11991, Saudi Arabia 2 Electrical Engineering Department, Aswan faculty of Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan 81542, Egypt 3 Engineering Physics and Mathematics Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11517, Egypt; ibrahimmohamed@eng.asu.edu.eg (I.M.D.); ahmed.elrafei@eng.asu.edu.eg (A.E.-R.) 4 Technology and Maritime Transport, Electrical Energy Department, The College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Giza 12577, Egypt; engyshady@ieee.org 5 Power Quality Solutions Department, ETA Electric Company, 410 Al Haram St., El Omraniya, Giza 12111, Egypt 6 Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, Cairo 11835, Egypt; almoatazabdelaziz@hotmail.com 7 Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Jaén, EPS Linares, 23700 Jaén, Spain; fjurado@ujaen.es * Correspondence: dr.ziad.elhalwany@aswu.edu.eg Abstract: Renewable energy integration has been recently promoted by many countries as a cleaner alternative to fossil fuels. In many research works, the optimal allocation of distributed generations (DGs) has been modeled mathematically as a DG injecting power without considering its intermittent nature. In this work, a novel probabilistic bilevel multi-objective nonlinear programming optimiza- tion problem is formulated to maximize the penetration of renewable distributed generations via distribution network reconfiguration while ensuring the thermal line and voltage limits. Moreover, solar, wind, and load uncertainties are considered in this paper to provide a more realistic mathe- matical programming model for the optimization problem under study. Case studies are conducted on the 16-, 59-, 69-, 83-, 415-, and 880-node distribution networks, where the 59- and 83-node dis- tribution networks are real distribution networks in Cairo and Taiwan, respectively. The obtained results validate the effectiveness of the proposed optimization approach in maximizing the hosting capacity of DGs and power loss reduction by greater than 17% and 74%, respectively, for the studied distribution networks. Keywords: distributed generation; graphically based network reconfiguration; hosting capacity maximization; power loss minimization; bilevel multi-objective nonlinear programming optimization; DG uncertainty; load uncertainty; TOPSIS; large distribution networks 1. Introduction Wide integration of renewable energies has been promoted in many countries [1,2]. The decentralized allocation of renewable distributed generations (DGs) has been sup- ported by distribution system operators (DSOs) to cover loads at peak loading durations, reduce the loading on distribution systems’ transformers, and also minimize the total active loss; however, this led to many operational problems, including line thermal limits over- loading, overvoltage violations, harmonic overloading, and others. Thus, the requirements for optimal DGs planning has become essential to attain lower operational issues. Recently, the concept of DGs hosting capacity (HC) was raised in many research works [3], aiming to improve the system performance for the accommodation of more DGs. Mathematics 2021, 9, 26. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9010026 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/mathematics