93 © ESSKA 2021 H. Pereira et al. (eds.), Lateral Ankle Instability, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62763-1_10 Current Concepts in Ankle Sprain Treatment Gwendolyn Vuurberg, P. Spennacchio, L. Laver, J. P. Pereira, P. Diniz, and G. M. M. J. Kerkhofs 10.1 Introduction Lateral ankle sprains (LAS) have been reported as the most common musculoskeletal injury [1, 2]. Of all traumatic ankle injuries, 40% occur during sports [3]. An incidence of seven lateral ankle sprains (LAS) per 1000 exposures has been reported for indoor sports [4]. These account for about 14% of all sports-related injuries [5]. Despite this high reported prevalence and inci- dence, only approximately 50% of the patients who sustained a LAS seek medical attention [6]. Adequate treatment of those who seek profes- sional help is essential to prevent residual chronic symptoms, such as chronic ankle instability (CAI) or post-traumatic impingement syndrome [7–10]. Reported incidences for residual symp- toms after lateral ankle sprain are as high as 55–72% at 6 weeks to 18 months [11, 12]. 10.2 Injury Mechanism LAS usually occur during sports involving activi- ties such as running, cutting, jumping, diving, landing, and contact with others [1, 2, 5, 13]. Player contact in football has shown to be respon- sible for up to 59% of the injuries and non-contact situations accounted for 39% of all injuries [2]. The most common injury contact situations are G. Vuurberg (*) · G. M. M. J. Kerkhoffs Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Amsterdam UMC location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Academic Center for Evidence Based Sports medicine (ACES), Amsterdam, The Netherlands Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports (ACHSS), Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands e-mail: g.vuurberg@amsterdamumc.nl; g.m.kerkhoffs@amsterdamumc.nl P. Spennacchio Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK L. Laver Deptartment of Arthroscopy, The Royal Orthopaedic Hospital, Birmingham, UK Clinique du Sport, Centre Hospitalier Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg J. P. Pereira Ripoll y De Prado Sports Clinic: Murcia-Madrid FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Murcia, Spain H.P. Orthopedics and Research Centre—International Centre of Sports Traumatology of the Ave, Vila do Conde, Portugal P. Diniz Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital de Sant’Ana, Parede, Portugal Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal Fisiogaspar, Lisbon, Portugal 10