Peri-implant disease in subjects with and without preventive maintenance: a 5-year follow-up Costa FO, Takenaka-Martinez S, Cota LOM, Ferreira SD, Silva GLM, Costa JE, Peri-implant disease in subjects with and without preventive maintenance: a 5-year follow-up. J Clin Periodontol 2012; 39: 173–181. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2011.01819.x. Abstract Aim: To determine the incidence of peri-implantitis in individuals with mucositis in a 5-year follow-up study. Material and Methods: A sample of 212 partially edentulous individuals, rehabili- tated with dental implants, underwent periodontal and peri-implant clinical exam- inations in 2005 (baseline). Five years later, 80 individuals who had been diagnosed with mucositis in the baseline examination were re-examined. These individuals were divided into two groups: one group with preventive maintenance during the study period (GTP; n = 39), and another group without preventive maintenance (GNTP; n = 41). The following parameters were clinically evaluated: plaque index, bleeding on periodontal and peri-implant probing, periodontal and peri-implant probing depth, suppuration and peri-implant bone loss. The influ- ence of biological and behavioural risk variables associated with the occurrence of peri-implantitis was analysed using univariate and multivariate logistic regres- sion analyses. Results: The incidence of peri-implantitis in the global sample was 31.2% (GNTP = 43.9% and GTP = 18.0%). Conclusion: The absence of preventive maintenance in individuals with pre-exist- ing peri-implant mucositis was associated with a high incidence of peri-implanti- tis. Clinical parameters, such as bleeding on peri-implant probing, periodontal probing depth and the presence of periodontitis were associated with a higher risk of developing peri-implantitis. Fernando Oliveira Costa 1 , Satoshi Takenaka-Martinez 1 , Luı ´s Ota ´vio Miranda Cota 1 , Sergio Diniz Ferreira 1 , Geraldo Lu ´ cio Magalha ˜es Silva 2 and Jose ´ Eusta ´ quio Costa 1 1 Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; 2 Department of Dentistry, Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil Key words: maintenance; peri-implant mucositis; peri-implantitis; periodontitis; risk factors Accepted for publication 7 October 2011 Pathological processes, such as peri- implant mucositis and peri-implantitis, have been diagnosed in the tissues around implants in function (Lang & Berglundh 2011). According to the Sixth European Workshop on Peri- odontology, “peri-implant diseases are infectious in nature. Peri-implant mu- cositis describes an inflammatory lesion that resides in the mucosa, while peri-implantitis also affects the sup- porting bone” (Lindhe & Meyle 2008, Lang Lang & Berglundh 2011). Despite the high success rates of dental implants, it is clear that osseointegrat- ed implants are susceptible to diseases that may eventually lead to dental implant loss (De Boever et al. 2009). A great challenge in implant ther- apy is the ability to detect individu- als at higher risk for early and/or late implant loss. Previous studies have indicated some potential risk variables, especially periodontitis, peri-implant mucositis, smoking, dia- betes, poor plaque index and a lack of preventive maintenance associated with peri-implant disease and late implant loss (Leonhardt et al. 2002, Ross-Jansa˚ ker et al. 2006, Aglietta et al. 2010, Anner et al. 2010, Simo- nis et al. 2010, Zupnik et al. 2011); whereas poor bone quality and inad- equate surgical procedures can be Conflict of interest and source for research The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests. This study was supported by grants from the National Research Council (CNPq –Brazil). © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S 173 J Clin Periodontol 2012; 39: 173–181 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2011.01819.x