rupture and deconstruction of the sociopolitical system that had shaped European-Indigenous relationships for three centuries. Bridging the two epochs, which are usually seen and studied separately, he offers a novel and thought-provoking perspective for the academic readership. McEnroe convincingly combines original archival research with the synthesis and recontextualization of existing studies, threading together European and native sources. This approach not only makes it possible to grasp and better understand the cross-cultural competence of many different protagonists of colonial encounters, but also convinces the reader that with time “reciprocal acculturation became rarer and rarer” (231). An excellent example of this process is the recurrent, engaging discussion about Indigenous participation in the educational spaces of North and South America across the colonial era. Although McEnroe aptly emphasizes the creation of “social networks that enabled this multidirectional exchange of ideas” (77) despite the “civilizing mission” of colonial schools, we learn, in fact, quite little about the experiences and perspectives of native students. Notwithstanding some elements of ‘multiculturalism’ and initial exchanges, the predominant agenda of colonial education with regard to Native Americans was accelerated assimilation within the European universe of knowledge production and transmission, along with its claims of epistemological superiority. And although scholars working with sources written in native languages have indeed been able to retrieve some of the silenced voices of Indigenous protagonists and open up entirely new chapters in colonial history, sometimes the archival imbalance in favor of the colonizers’ perspective is especially salient. No historian can escape that bias, given the nature of the available documentary corpus and the way that written testimonies were produced in the colonial era. This, in fact, is yet another enduring reflection of the “troubled marriage” that developed and operated as “a union of nations, families, institutions, and individuals” (230) but rarely, if ever, on equal grounds. JUSTYNA OLKO University of Warsaw Warsaw, Poland justynao@al.uw.edu.pl SMUGGLING IN HISPANIOLA Islanders and Empire: Smuggling and Political Defiance in Hispaniola, 1580–1690. By Juan José Ponce Vázquez. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020. Pp. 303. $99.99 cloth; $80.00 e-book. doi:10.1017/tam.2021.116 A lo largo de la época moderna en el contexto del Caribe las transformaciones sobre la historia y evolución de los modelos espaciales de los imperios europeos tendrían 138 REVIEWS