INTRODUCTION
Nutritional adequacy is one of the key
determinants of the quality of human life. In the
Indian sub-continent, female nutritional stress
begins in childhood and continues through
adolescence into adult. Attention to nutrition is
therefore called for throughout the life cycle of
females. Seasonal and climatic changes determine
the agricultural cropping pattern and vary the
production and availability of local foodstuffs,
thus affecting the household food security, dietary
practices in turn the nutritional security.
The problem of malnutrition in developing
countries encompasses a spectrum of deficien-
cies of which the most devastating are that of
micronutrients, especially iron deficiency anae-
mia and nutritional blindness. Anaemia is one of
the glaring deficiencies in young adolescent girls,
probably, due to low intake of haemopoietic
nutrients since childhood, increased demand for
nutrients coupled with menstrual loss of iron. A
study was, thus, undertaken to examine the
seasonal changes in nutritional status of adole-
scent girls from rural and urban areas of Dharwad,
in terms of anthropometry and dietary adequacy.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The study was carried out between June 2001
and May 2002 in the beginning and end of each
season, viz., summer (February to May), rainy
(June to September) and winter (October to
January). Keeping Dharwad as centre, two villa-
ges of Dharwad taluka (Mugad and Hebballi)
situated in opposite direction and within the radius
of 8 to 10 km were selected for the study. Two
areas of Dharwad city were included to serve as
urban locality. A total of 80 adolescent girls were
randomly selected with ages ranging from 13 to
15 years from the rural and urban areas of
Dharwad taluka identifying 40 subjects from each
area.
The nutritional status of the subjects was
assessed by anthropometry and dietary intake in
different seasons. Anthropometric measurements
included height, weight, waist and hip circum-
ferences, using which indices, viz., body mass
index (BMI) and waist to hip ratio (WHR) were
© Kamla-Raj 2004 J. Hum. Ecol., 15(2): 147-151 (2004)
Seasonal Variations in Nutritional Status of Adolescent Girls
K. S. Deepa, Pushpa Bharati and Rama K. Naik
computed. The individuals were further classified
into different classes of chronic energy deficiency
based on BMI (Garrow, 1987) and WHR (Lean
et al., 1995). The information on daily intake of
food was collected by 24-hour recall method for
one day using the proforma of National Institute
of Nutrition and the intake of energy and blood
forming nutrients were computed using
Annapurna Software and were compared with
ICMR recommendations. The data was analysed
by Factorial Completely Randomised Design
(CRD).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The seasonal variations in anthropometric
measurements of adolescent girls are shown in
Table 1. The anthropometric measurements
recorded were higher during winter than summer
and rainy season. The girls irrespective of locality
were taller and heavier (149.32 cm and 36.2 kg,
respectively) during winter compared to rainy
(148.21 cm and 35.45 kg, respectively) and
summer (148.02 cm and 34.90 kg, respectively).
However, these differences were statistically not
significant. Similarly, irrespective of age and
locality, the waist and hip circumferences were
higher during winter (56.84 and 72.76 cm,
respectively) than rainy (56.71 and 72.42 cm,
respectively) and summer (56.46 and 72.39 cm,
respectively).
Higher anthropometric measurements during
winter and rainy seasons coincides with harvest
and availability of foods. Further, these seasons
are known for celebration of varied festivals, viz.,
Nagara Panchami, Ganesha Chaturthi, Dasara,
Deepawali to name a few. It is a custom to prepare
special foods like cereals, pulses and oilseed-
based laddus, pulse usalis, several sweets like
godhi huggi, modaka, holige, karigadabu,
karchikai during these days. These foods are rich
source of growth promoting nutrie-nts like
calorie, protein and fat along with suppo-rting B-
complex vitamins. The consumption of these
foods during rainy and winter seasons might have
resulted in increased height and weight, so also
the waist and hip circumferences compared to
summer.
The distribution of subjects based on body