Cardiovascular Disease and Inflammation Magdalena Jankowska, Bengt Lindholm, and Peter Stenvinkel Contents Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease .............. 2 Reverse Epidemiology .................................................................... 4 Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease .............................................. 5 Traditional (Framingham) Risk Factors .................................................. 5 Nontraditional and/or Uremia-Specific Risk Factors .................................... 9 Inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease ............................................. 12 Inflammation Is a Common Feature in Chronic Kidney Disease that Predicts Outcome .............................................................................. 12 Multiple Causes of Inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease .......................... 13 Do Inflammatory Biomarkers Promote Vascular Disease? .............................. 14 Inflammation in CKD: Can It Be Treated? ............................................... 15 Conclusion ............................................................................... 16 References ................................................................................ 17 Abstract Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the single lead- ing cause of a markedly reduced lifespan among dialysis patients. The mechanism of the develop- ment of CVD in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients is not fully understood. The CVD pattern is atypical in this population of patients, and only partially explained by traditional risk factors like demography, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and smoking. A large number of additional factors, some of them specific for PD, but many recognized as important in all individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD), contribute to a high burden of CVD and adversely influence its prognosis. Those factors include, but are not limited to, This contribution was authored by P. Stenvinkel and E. Ritz in the previous edition. M. Jankowska Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland e-mail: magdalena.jankowska@gumed.edu.pl B. Lindholm Division of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden e-mail: bengt.lindholm@ki.se P. Stenvinkel (*) Division of Renal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden e-mail: peter.stenvinkel@ki.se © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 R. Khanna, R. T. Krediet (eds.), Nolph and Gokal’ s Textbook of Peritoneal Dialysis, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90760-4_23-1 1