Research Article
A 4-Point Block Method for Solving Higher Order
Ordinary Differential Equations Directly
Nazreen Waeleh
1
and Zanariah Abdul Majid
2,3
1
Faculty of Electronic & Computer Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), 76100 Melaka, Malaysia
2
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
3
Institute for Mathematical Research, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Correspondence should be addressed to Nazreen Waeleh; nazreen@utem.edu.my
Received 18 April 2016; Revised 23 June 2016; Accepted 30 June 2016
Academic Editor: Harvinder S. Sidhu
Copyright © 2016 N. Waeleh and Z. Abdul Majid. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.
An alternative block method for solving ffh-order initial value problems (IVPs) is proposed with an adaptive strategy of
implementing variable step size. Te derived method is designed to compute four solutions simultaneously without reducing the
problem to a system of frst-order IVPs. To validate the proposed method, the consistency and zero stability are also discussed.
Te improved performance of the developed method is demonstrated by comparing it with the existing methods and the results
showed that the 4-point block method is suitable for solving ffh-order IVPs.
1. Introduction
Many natural processes or real-world problems can be trans-
lated into the language of mathematics [1–4]. Te mathe-
matical formulation of physical phenomena in science and
engineering ofen leads to a diferential equation, which can
be categorized as an ordinary diferential equation (ODE)
and a partial diferential equation (PDE). Tis formulation
will explain the behavior of the phenomenon in detail.
Te search for solutions of real-world problems requires
solving ODEs and thus has been an important aspect of
mathematical study. For many interesting applications, an
exact solution may be unattainable, or it may not give the
answer in a convenient form. Te reliability of numerical
approximation techniques in solving such problems has been
proven by many researchers as the role of numerical methods
in engineering problems solving has increased dramatically
in recent years. Tus a numerical approach has been chosen as
an alternative tool for approximating the solutions consistent
with the advancement in technology.
Commonly, the formulation of real-world problems will
take the form of a higher order diferential equation asso-
ciated with its initial or boundary conditions [4]. In the
literature, a mathematical model in the form of a ffh-order
diferential equation, known as Korteweg-de Vries (KdV)
equation, has been used to describe several wave phenomena
depending on the values of its parameters [2, 3, 5, 6]. Te
KdV equation is a PDE and researchers have tackled the
problem analytically and numerically. It is also noted that in
certain cases by using diferent approaches the KdV might be
transformed into a higher order ODE [7]. To date, there are
a number of studies that have proposed solving ffh-order
ODE directly [8, 9]. Hence, the purpose of the present paper is
to solve directly the ffh-order IVPs with the implementation
of a variable step size strategy. Te ffh-order IVP with its
initial conditions is defned as
v
=(,,
,
,
,
iv
), ()=
0
,
()=
1
,
()=
2
,
()=
3
,
iv
()=
4
,∈[,]. (1)
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences
Volume 2016, Article ID 9823147, 8 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9823147