Full-field measurement with a digital image correlation analysis of a shake table test on a timber-framed structure filled with stones and earth Y. Sieffert a,b,⇑ , F. Vieux-Champagne a,b,c , S. Grange a,b , P. Garnier c , J.C. Duccini d , L. Daudeville a,b a Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 3SR, F-38000 Grenoble, France b CNRS, 3SR, F-38000 Grenoble, France c CRAterre, AE&CC Research Unit, National School of Architecture of Grenoble, France d FCBA, French Technological Institute for Forestry, Cellulose, Timber Construction and Furniture, Bordeaux, France article info Article history: Received 10 July 2015 Revised 19 February 2016 Accepted 7 June 2016 Keywords: Shake table Digital image correlation Seismic tests Earthquake Haiti Traditional houses Rural houses Wood-frame structure Stonework masonry Earth mortar abstract This paper aims at presenting a digital correlation technique to capture the full-field displacement thanks to a high-speed camera of a full scale structure tested on a shaking table. The challenges are both the measurements at a full scale to visualize damages versus the resolution of pictures and the dynamical loading that requires a large number of pictures. The final goal is a better understanding of the seismic behavior of timber-framed structures with infill to help at modeling such structures and predicting their seismic vulnerability. For this purpose, results of shake table tests carried out on a full-scale one-story timber-framed house filled with stones bonded by an earth based mortar are presented and discussed. DIC full-field measurements allow deriving displacements and accelerations on shear walls as well as lateral forces applied on them. The experimental results presented herein allow analyzing the influence of bracing and might be used to propose optimized aseismic constructions based on cheap technological solutions. These results demonstrate the seismic-resistant behavior of timber-framed structures with infill and constitute a key issue for the promotion of such constructions in developing countries. Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction From a worldwide perspective, the construction industry is arguably one of the most resource-intensive and environmentally damaging. This sector accounts for 40% of the total flow of raw materials into the global economy each year [11]. Given the com- ing shortage of raw materials (sand, cement, metals, [24,8]) cou- pled with the need to promote sustainable and virtuous development for the planet particularly within the building sector, bio-based and completely reversible materials must be developed. Timber-framed structures filled with earth and other locally avail- able materials might constitute one response to the challenges associated with human settlement and construction sector challenges. Moreover, this type of structure is found throughout the world and heavily present in seismic prone areas [28] by offer- ing the double advantage of meeting the population’s local capac- ity constraints (economic and available materials) and featuring an intrinsically seismic-resistant behavior. These kinds of structures unfortunately have been overlooked by locals and decision- makers due to a lack of knowledge of their potential behavior and a lack of building codes and standards for their proper design. In many countries across the world, reinforced concrete struc- tures have nearly unanimously replaced the vernacular architec- tural style within a single generation. This rapid transition may be explained by the fact that reinforced concrete buildings are typ- ically associated with modernity, whereas more traditional con- struction is perceived as suboptimal and old-fashioned [13]. However, following the latest earthquakes in many developing nations, a large number of poorly reinforced concrete buildings collapsed, leading to widespread destruction and loss of life, while well-maintained traditional vernacular neighboring structures survived in sustaining just slight damage [14]. Poor design, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.06.009 0141-0296/Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. ⇑ Corresponding author at: Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 3SR, F-38000 Grenoble, France. E-mail addresses: yannick.sieffert@3sr-grenoble.fr (Y. Sieffert), florent. vieux-champagne@3sr-grenoble.fr (F. Vieux-Champagne), stephane.grange@ 3sr-grenoble.fr (S. Grange), craterre.pgarnier@club-internet.fr (P. Garnier), jean-charles.duccini@fcba.fr (J.C. Duccini), laurent.daudeville@3sr-grenoble.fr (L. Daudeville). Engineering Structures 123 (2016) 451–472 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Engineering Structures journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/engstruct