Ž . Parallel Computing 24 1998 1137–1160 Distributed and parallel systems engineering in MANIFOLD George A. Papadopoulos ) Department of Computer Science, UniÕersity of Cyprus, 75 Kallipoleos Str., P.O.B. 537, CY-1678 Nicosia, Cyprus Received 15 May 1997; revised 10 October 1997 Abstract A rather recent approach in programming parallel and distributed systems is that of coordina- tion models and languages. Coordination programming enjoys a number of advantages such as the ability to express different software architectures and abstract interaction protocols, supporting multilinguality, reusability and programming-in-the-large, etc. However, most of the proposed models and languages are data-driven in the sense that changes in the behaviour of the formalism are triggered by detecting the presence and examining the nature of data values. In addition, more often than not, the formalism does not clearly separate the computation components from other Ž . related components, namely and primarily communication ones, but also synchronisation Ž . Ž . components, etc. In this paper, we use a coordination model IWIM and language MANIFOLD which are control-driven in the sense that the formalism’s change of behaviour is modelled as state transitions triggered by means of raising events and detecting their presence, i.e., without involving the actual data being manipulated. We illustrate the main features of this formalism and we show how it can be used in supporting a variety of activities related to distributed and parallel software engineering, and software architectures. Throughout, we place emphasis on the control- driven nature of this formalism, discussing how that has helped us in modelling a variety of scenarios. Finally, we also compare the formalism with other such formalisms highlighting the differences between them. q 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Coordination languages and models; Distributed and parallel computing models and tools; Software engineering for distributed and parallel systems; Modelling software architectures ) Corresponding author. E-mail: george@turing.cs.ucy.ac.cy 0167-8191r98r$ - see front matter q 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Ž . PII: S0167-8191 98 00045-3