791 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016 A.N. Popper, A. Hawkins (eds.), The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life II, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 875, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-2981-8_97 Chapter 97 Patterns of Occurrence and Marine Mammal Acoustic Behavior in Relation to Navy Sonar Activity Off Jacksonville, Florida Julie N. Oswald, Thomas F. Norris, Tina M. Yack, Elizabeth L. Ferguson, Anurag Kumar, Jene Nissen, and Joel Bell Abstract Passive acoustic data collected from marine autonomous recording units deployed off Jacksonville, FL (from 13 September to 8 October 2009 and 3 December 2009 to 8 January 2010), were analyzed for detection of cetaceans and Navy sonar. Cetaceans detected included Balaenoptera acutorostrata, Eubalaena glacialis, B. bore- alis, Physeter macrocephalus, blackfish, and delphinids. E. glacialis were detected at shallow and, somewhat unexpectedly, deep sites. P. macrocephalus were characterized by a strong diel pattern. B. acutorostrata showed the strongest relationship between sonar activity and vocal behavior. These results provide a preliminary assessment of cetacean occurrence off Jacksonville and new insights on vocal responses to sonar. Keywords Autonomous acoustic recorder • Marine acoustic recording unit • Midfrequency active sonar • Vocal behavior 1 Introduction Passive acoustic monitoring using autonomous acoustic recorders deployed on the seafloor is an effective method for long-term monitoring of cetaceans (Mellinger et al. 2007). Autonomous acoustic recorders have been used to investigate the J.N. Oswald (*) • T.F. Norris • T.M. Yack • E.L. Ferguson Bio-Waves, Inc., 364 Second Street, Suite #3, Encinitas, CA 92024, USA e-mail: julie.oswald@bio-waves.net; thomas.f.norris@bio-waves.net; tina.yack@bio-waves.net; eferguson@bio-waves.net A. Kumar • J. Bell Marine Resources, Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC) Atlantic, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA e-mail: anurag.kumar@navy.mil; joel.t.bell@navy.mil J. Nissen Environmental Readiness, US Fleet Forces Command, Norfolk, VA 23551, USA e-mail: richard.j.nissen@navy.mil