217
Lead is a commonly available and highly corrosion-resistant
metal that is often used as the negative electrode in lead-acid sec-
ondary batteries where the formation of insoluble PbSO
4
during
discharge terminates the cell operation. Despite the environmental
problems associated with lead compounds, lead-acid batteries
continue to be used in automobiles because of their large sales
value, amounting to an estimated 30 billion US dollar each year.
Lead corrosion by methanesulfonic acid in a secondary lead flow-
battery with a soluble lead negative electrode and a lead (IV) diox-
ide positive electrode in methanesulfonic acid solution has been
reported and further exemplifies the importance of lead in energy
storage devices [1, 2]. Oxygen reduction is an important process,
particularly in metal-air batteries and fuel cells. Oxygen reduction
takes place at the air cathode to complete the electrochemical reac-
tion of the cell and generate electricity. Due to the slow kinetics of
the oxygen reduction reaction, several compounds have been used
as electro-catalysts. Highly dispersed platinum metal is an excel-
lent electro-catalyst for oxygen reduction, but the cost of platinum
hinders large-scale manufacturing. Various types of material has
been used as air cathodes in metal-air batteries and fuel cells, but
currently manganese dioxide compounds are the most widely used
electro-catalysts in metal-air batteries and fuel cells, as they are
readily available from manufacturers. In this work, lead corrosion
and the surface formation of lead oxides at air cathode in a lead-air
cell in methanesulphonic acid solution are investigated; this cell is
an undivided primary metal-air cell using a lead negative electrode
and a manganese dioxide air cathode.
Lead foil (99.9%) was procured from Goodfellow Cambridge
Limited, and methanesulfonic acid (99.9%) was procured from
Sigma Aldrich. The air cathode was fabricated from catalytic man-
ganese dioxide (MnO
2
) powder mixed with small amounts of car-
bon black powder to increase the conductivity. The catalytic pow-
ders were pressed onto a nickel mesh current collector on both
*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Email: wjbasirun@gmail.com
Phone: 603 7967 4082, Fax: 603 7967 4193
Lead Corrosion and Formation of Lead Oxides from a Lead-air Cell in
Methanesulfonic Acid
Wan Jeffrey Basirun
1,2,*
, Idris Mohamed Saeed
3
, Hanieh Ghadimi
2
, Magaji Ladan
2
Mohammad Reza Mahmoudian
4
, Mehdi
Ebadi
5
, Lukman Bola Abdulrauf
2
, Zulkarnain Endut
6
1
Institute of Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research (NanoCat), Institute of Postgraduate Studies, University Malaya,
50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
2
Department of Chemistry, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
3
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
4
Department of Chemistry, Shahid Sherafat, University of Farhangian, 15916, Tehran, Iran.
5
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, 49147-39975 Iran.
6
Center of Foundation Studies, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Received: January 20, 2016, Accepted: October 15, 2016, Available online: November 29, 2016
Abstract: The corrosion of lead in methanesulfonic acid solution in the presence of a MnO
2
air cathode in a primary lead-air cell is in-
vestigated. The highest power density of the lead-air cell is 2.8 mW cm
-2
. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction
results demonstrate the formation of lead (II) oxide and lead (IV) dioxide on the air cathode after continuous discharge. Field emission
scanning electron microscopy image shows that the surface coverage of lead (II) oxide and lead (IV) dioxide on the air cathode is only
partial and will allow oxygen reduction.
Keywords: anodic dissolution; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; lead-air cell; lead oxides
Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 19, 217-222 (2016)
© J. New Mat. Electrochem. Systems