Feasibility of P2P-STB based crowdsourcing to speed-up photo classification for natural disasters Fernando Loor 1 • Manuel Manriquez 2 • Veronica Gil-Costa 1 • Mauricio Marin 3 Received: 20 March 2020 / Revised: 19 June 2021 / Accepted: 30 July 2021 Ó The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2021 Abstract We present a distributed platform aimed to process photos taken after a natural disaster strikes by people witnesses of the situation. These photos have to be processed as quickly as possible to collect statistical data used by the decision makers to coordinate rescue teams. A photo can be classified using a predefined taxonomy such as infrastructure and service, affected people, emotional support, among others. Some photos can be classified automatically while other photos require human intervention. The proposed platform is organized in three layers: an architecture, a communication pattern algorithm and optimization modules. The architecture is based on a community of digital volunteers forming a peer-to-peer network. The digital volunteers receive photos from a centralized server that collects and integrates the results into the management process to improve the general understanding of the situation or rescue actions. We present three communication pattern algorithms that define the flow of tasks between the volunteers and the server. The first algorithm is based on point-to-point communication and the other two algorithms use cache techniques inside the peer-to-peer network. Our proposal is devised for short term campaigns and we aim to speed-up the image processing process, to reduce the workload of the server and to reduce communication latency between the server and the volunteers. We evaluate our proposed platform under highly demanding task traffic rates. We analyze the impact of the input parameters of each communication pattern algorithm. We evaluate the performance of our proposed platform with different approaches presented in the technical literature which are deployed as optimization modules. Results show that the performance of the platform when using the cache-based communication pattern algorithms can outperform the one-to-one communication algorithm under high task traffic rates. Keywords P2P-STB-based platform  Natural disaster  P2P network  Performance evaluation 1 Introduction Natural disasters like earthquake, volcano eruptions, hur- ricanes and wildfire affect millions of people every year worldwide. These events produce economic and physical damage razing homes and wiping out entire towns. More- over, these dramatic events can take the lives of living beings in the affected areas. In these scenarios, emergency response teams have a key role to help reducing the impact of the natural disasters and they are typically coordinated by a national organization responsible to send the appro- priate resources to the most affected areas. Emergency response teams need to work fast and the decision makers must base their decision in the collected data from different sources as soon as possible. As direct witnesses of the situation people share geo-localized real-time digital information like photos or videos of an emergency event to & Fernando Loor fernandoloor1@gmail.com Manuel Manriquez manuel.manriquez.lopez@gmail.com Veronica Gil-Costa gvcosta@unsl.edu.ar Mauricio Marin mauricio.marin@usach.cl 1 Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina 2 DIINF, CITIAPS, University of Santiago, Santiago, Chile 3 DIINF, CITIAPS, CeBiB, University of Santiago, Santiago, Chile 123 Cluster Computing https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-021-03381-6