ES51CH21_Greggor ARjats.cls August 12, 2020 11:48 Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics The Rules of Attraction: The Necessary Role of Animal Cognition in Explaining Conservation Failures and Successes Alison L. Greggor, 1 Oded Berger-Tal, 2 and Daniel T. Blumstein 3 1 Department of Recovery Ecology, Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, Escondido, California 92027, USA; email: agreggor@sandiegozoo.org 2 Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel; email: bergerod@bgu.ac.il 3 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA; email: marmots@ucla.edu Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2020. 51:483–503 The Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics is online at ecolsys.annualreviews.org https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-011720- 103212 Copyright © 2020 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved Keywords conservation behavior, habituation, learning, memory, umwelt Abstract Integrating knowledge and principles of animal behavior into wildlife con- servation and management has led to some concrete successes but has failed to improve conservation outcomes in other cases. Many conservation inter- ventions involve attempts to either attract or repel animals, which we refer to as approach/avoidance issues. These attempts can be reframed as issues of manipulating the decisions animals make, which are driven by their per- ceptual abilities and attentional biases, as well as the value animals attribute to current stimuli and past learned experiences. These processes all fall un- der the umbrella of animal cognition. Here, we highlight rules that emerge when considering approach/avoidance conservation issues through the lens of cognitive-based management. For each rule, we review relevant conserva- tion successes and failures to better predict the conditions in which behavior can be manipulated, and we suggest how to avoid future failures. 483 , .• ·�- Review in Advance first posted on August 21, 2020. (Changes may still occur before final publication.) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2020.51. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org Access provided by Ben Gurion University Library on 08/22/20. For personal use only.