SJM (2021) 38 Pathological Findings in Chest Radiographs of Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis Siti Nurhayati Utami 1 , Hanna Marsinta Uli 2* , Indri Seta Septadina 3 1 Undergraduate Medical Education Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia 2 Department of Radiology, RSUP Dr. Mohammad Hoesin, Palembang, Indonesia 3 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia E-mail: hannamarsintauli@fk.unsri.ac.id Abstract Chronic kidney disease is a condition in which there is destruction of the kidneys along with structural or functional abnormalities, with or without decreased glomerular filtration rate for more than 3 months. The common treatment for this condition is hemodialysis, however, it may cause complications, specifically cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular system dysfunctions that can be observed through thorax imaging. This study aims to observe pathologic thorax imaging findings on chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis at RSUP Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang. This study is a descriptive study using a cross-sectional design. The data is gathered from medical records from the Medical Records & Radiology Department of RSUP Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang that have passed the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data is processed using the SPSS application version 25. The results of this study indicate that, based on risk factors, patients are generally in the 55-64 age range (41%), female (60%), and with a normal BMI/normal weight (52%). Based on the patients’ comorbid diseases, patients mostly have hypertension (59%), followed by diabetes mellitus (46%). Analysis of the chest radiographs indicate that (70%) of patients have cardiomegaly; (22%) of patients have grade 1, (15%) have grade 2, (7%) have grade 3 aortic arch calcification; (49%) have pulmonary edema; (31%) have unilateral pleural effusion, and (14%) have bilateral pleural effusion. The majority of chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis at RSUP Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang are in the 55-64 age range, female, and with normal BMI. The most common comorbid conditions are hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Analysis of the chest radiographs indicate that the majority of patients have cardiomegaly; grade 1, 2, and 3 aortic arch calcification; pulmonary edema; unilateral and bilateral pleural effusion. Keywords: Chronic Kidney Disease, Hemodialysis, Pathologic, Thorax Imaging 1. Introduction Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a condition in which there is destruction, dysfunction, or structural abnormality of the kidneys with or without decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) for more than or equal to 3 months. 1 In 2015, the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) estimated that 10% of the world population suffers from chronic kidney disease (CKD), 2 and that millions of people die each year due to inadequate treatment. Based on data by Kemenkes RI in 2018, the prevalence of kidney failure in Indonesia is around 2‰, or 499,800 people and still a health problem around the world due to annually increasing prevalence. 3 Chronic kidney disease is initially asymptomatic or void of any symptoms, however increased serum creatinine and urea concentration has already begun. Symptoms start to become apparent at stage 3 and 4 or at a GFR lower than 30%. 4 Due to the asymptomatic nature of CKD, a large number of patients seek treatment after complications had already occurred. Chronic kidney disease that is not treated early may eventually lead to terminal kidney failure. The most common treatment for chronic kidney disease is hemodialysis intended to reduce symptoms resulting from decreased kidney function with the hope of increasing the patient’s lifespan and quality of life. 5 Although it has been proven to improve the prognosis, prolonged hemodialysis may cause complications. Complications from hemodialysis include dysfunction of the cardiovascular system and of the non- cardiovascular system, or respiration. All organs of the thorax are potential targets of the side effects of uremia, and radiological