1 Common schizophrenia alleles are enriched in mutation-intolerant genes and maintained by background selection Antonio F. Pardiñas a , Peter Holmans a , Andrew J. Pocklington a , Valentina Escott-Price a , Stephan Ripke b,c , Noa Carrera a , Sophie E. Legge a , Sophie Bishop a , Darren Cameron a , Marian L. Hamshere a , Jun Han a , Leon Hubbard a , Amy Lynham a , Kiran Mantripragada a , Elliott Rees a , James H. MacCabe d , Steven A. McCarroll e , Bernhard T. Baune f , Gerome Breen g,h , Enda M. Byrne i , Udo Dannlowski j,k , Thalia C. Eley g , Caroline Hayward l , Nicholas G. Martin m,n , Andrew M. McIntosh o,p , Robert Plomin g , David J. Porteous l , Naomi R. Wray i , GERAD1 Consortium q , David A. Collier g,r , Dan Rujescu s,t , George Kirov a , Michael J. Owen a* , Michael C. O'Donovan a* , James T. R. Walters a* a MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK b Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA c Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité, Campus Mitte, 10117 Berlin, Germany d Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London e Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA f Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia g Medical Research Council, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK h NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, Maudsley Hospital and Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK i Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia j Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a The copyright holder for this preprint (which was . http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/068593 doi: bioRxiv preprint first posted online Aug. 9, 2016;