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The role of a systematic analysis of building codes to support
an assessment methodology for built heritage
C. Ornelas, J.M. Guedes & I. Breda-Vázquez
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Porto, Portugal
ABSTRACT: This paper analyses and compares codes and standards that support interventions on
built heritage of three Southern European countries with similar cultural approaches, Italy, Spain and
Portugal, and confronts these documents with technical expert opinion. This discussion recognizes the
importance of incorporating flexible criteria on code application, but also that such criteria should be sus-
tained by inventorying and cataloguing processes based on multidisciplinary assessment methodologies.
When dealing with inhabited built heritage, this assessment methodology should not only be supported by
safety and housing conditions criteria embedded in technical codes and standards and local guidelines ori-
ented to the local characteristics of the constructions, but should also include the assessment of the needs
and expectations of residents. This work is part of a vast study that includes and sustains the development
of a multidisciplinary assessment methodology to be applied on built heritage.
2 A SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF
BUILDING CODES OF ITALY, SPAIN
AND PORTUGAL
This section gives an overview on the building
codes, legislation and regulations of Italy, Spain
and Portugal. Although being Southern European
countries with similar culture approaches and
architectonic and climatic conditions, these docu-
ments express different perspectives concerning
classification and intervention on built heritage,
reflecting the experiences and circumstances that
affected over time the options of each country and
that justify the actual criteria and procedures of
the legislation. This analysis underlines the partic-
ularities of these documents and allows the identi-
fication of gaps in the Portuguese legislation.
2.1 Criteria and procedures from building codes
for intervention on built heritage
The comparison of the building codes and regula-
tions of the three selected countries points out the
principal criteria and procedures involved in the
assessment of the patrimonial value and safety and
housing conditions. The following sections synthe-
tize the outcomes of these regulations and present
the main aspects that result from this comparison.
2.1.1 Classification criteria
The following paragraphs describe the regulation
aspects related to built heritage classification,
namely the main tools and criteria established by
the codes for this item.
1 INTRODUCTION
The rehabilitation of built heritage is an important
issue within the current debate involving urban
policies and building codes and/or technical regu-
lations. In Portugal, most of the requirements of
these codes and regulations are mainly directed to
new buildings and its application to existing/old
buildings is often constrained by pre-existing con-
ditions that make it difficult to achieve perform-
ance levels identical to those of new buildings, with
adequate intervention. This debate assumes par-
ticular relevancy when dealing with buildings with
patrimonial value, i.e. buildings that demand the
preserving of their particular (cultural, architec-
tonic, material...) characteristics (Arcas-Abella et
al., 2011, Fianchini and Fontana, 2010). Following
this, several scholars are discussing the urgent need
to adapt the legislation that regulates the construc-
tion sector to allow more flexible and proportional
interventions on built heritage (García-Martinez et
al., 2010, Tenorio Rios et al., 2012, Fianchini and
Fontana, 2010, Casals-Tres et al., 2013, Alonso,
2010, Asensio and Martín, 2012).
Under these issues, this paper establishes a com-
prehensive and comparative study of codes and
standards of three Southern European countries
with comparable cultural approaches and archi-
tectonic and climatic conditions—Italy, Spain and
Portugal -, concerning the protection, classifica-
tion and intervention on built heritage. The study
is complemented with the views of experts from
governmental, municipal and academic institutions
of the three countries on these subjects.