Vol.:(0123456789) 1 3 Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials https://doi.org/10.1007/s42341-021-00320-5 REGULAR PAPER Two‑Loop Controlled Quasi Multiple‑Input DC‑–DC Converter for Load Voltage and Source Current Management Vijay Kumar Tewari 1  · Arunima Verma 2 Received: 28 January 2021 / Revised: 11 March 2021 / Accepted: 31 March 2021 © The Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers 2021 Abstract In this paper, a unique ffth-order converter consisting of one Boost and one SEPIC converter designed for dc grid applica- tion. This converter is suitable to draw power from two dc sources simultaneously and individually. It has two-switches that is used to fulfll the load power requirement with a minimum ripple in source current. The proposed multi-input converter (MIC) suitability is confrmed by experimental and simulation results performed in three diferent modes of operations. The decentralized voltage-mode and current-mode controllers are designed to ensure the constant load voltage and source current. A 48 V 150 W prototype MIC is developed in the laboratory. Dynamic performance and steady-state performance, along with simulation results, are compared with the experimental work. The PSIM and MATLAB software are used for simulation and analysis purposes. A dsPIC33FJ64GS610 micro-controller-based prototype has been developed in the labo- ratory for experimental results. Keywords Discrete-time modeling · Multi-input · RGA  · RGA numbers · State-space 1 Introduction In the era of modern industrial development, power elec- tronics equipment has been developed aggressively and brought dc system again in power utilization to use clean energy resources like a solar array, fuel cell, wind genera- tor, etc. Since the past decade, power electronics equipment has become very popular; hence, the switch-mode converter requirement is increasing rapidly day by day in applications like communication power supply, space crafts, and hybrid electric vehicles. In recent years, dc–dc converters with high switching frequency are increased in small-size power elec- tronics equipment. For maximum energy utilization from the available sources like fuel cell, battery, wind energy, and solar energy, diferent types of power electronics dc–dc converters have been proposed in the literature. These tra- ditional dc-dc converters have a more complex topology, a higher number of switching devices, and a large size. Con- ventional systems are now being replaced by MICs, recently serving society, and received more attention from research- ers due to their reliability and fexibility. These multiple-input dc-dc converters (MICs) are popular because of bidirectional power fow, increase power density, lesser component, higher system efciency, lighter weight, and smaller size. Diferent types of MICs have been studied and proposed to efectively combine various energy sources and energy storage elements in recent years. Each of the topologies reported in the literature has its benefts and limitations [1–4]. The general block diagram of the MIC is illustrated in Fig. 1, in which more than one source is connected to the source end, and a single load is connected at the output end, forming an input to output pair. When anyone source trans- fers power to the load, the converter is behaving like a PWM converter, and multiple sources are supplied to MIC. For that situation, more than one source will simultaneously transfer power to the load without afecting the individual source’s performance. The basic building block of MIC is pulsating voltage source cell (PVSC) and the pulsating current source Online ISSN 2092-7592 Print ISSN 1229-7607 * Vijay Kumar Tewari tewarivijay2012@gmail.com Arunima Verma arunimadey@gmail.com 1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Rajkiya Engineering College Kannauj, Kannauj 209732, India 2 Department of Electrical Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology Lucknow, Lucknow 226021, India