Corresponding author, email: itodoson2002@gmail.com (A. U. Itodo).
Tel.: +2348039503463
Journal of Medicinal and Chemical Sciences 3 (2020) 208-218
Journal of Medicinal and chemical
Sciences
Journal homepage: www.jmchemsci.com
Original Research Article
Chemical screening for codeine and tramadol in urine of
anonymous students attending university sick bays
Rufus Sha’Ato, Adams Udoji Itodo*, Atumeyi Anthony Ugbedeojo
Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, PMB 2373 Makurdi, Nigeria
ARTICLE INFORMATION ABSTRACT
Received: 03 May 2019
Received in revised: 11 November 2019
Accepted: 28 December 2019
Available online: 03 March 2020
DOI: 10.26655/jmchemsci.2020.3.2
In this study, anonymous chemical screening of psychoactive
substances (codeine and tramadol) was carried out on urine
collected from some students in two Nigerian Universities,
coded UN1 and UN2 for a Federal a State University,
respectively. Chloroform was used as the extractant and
sodium borate was used to adjust the pH of the urine samples
to 9. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and UV-Visible
spectrophotometer was used as the primary separation and
quantification methods, respectively. The concentrations of
codeine in the urine samples collected from UN1 sick bay
ranged from 2.822 ppm to 44.756 ppm, while that of UN2
ranges from 0.289 ppm to 4.434 ppm. The respective
concentrations of tramadol for the institutions are within the
range of 0.015 ppm to 34.833 ppm and 0.181 ppm to 37.030
ppm. There was a statistical difference (p<0.05) in the use of
codeine and tramadol among students attending the selected
clinics. It was suggested that the University students be
subjected to continuous routine screening and counseling.
Copyright © 2020 by SPC (Sami Publishing Company)
Journal of Medicinal and Chemical Sciences: http://www.jmchemsci.com/
KEYWORDS
Psychoactive
Screening
Codeine
Drug
Abuse
Tramadol