Asian Social Science; Vol. 11, No. 28; 2015 ISSN 1911-2017 E-ISSN 1911-2025 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education 84 Effects of Self-Efficacy in the Relationship between Environmental Factors, and Adolescent Cigarette Smoking Behavior Samira Golestan 1 & Haslinda Binti Abdullah 2 1 Faculty of Human Ecology, University Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia 2 Institute of Social Science Studies, Faculty of Human Ecology, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Correspondence: Samira Golestan, Faculty of Human Ecology, University Putra Malaysia, E-11-02, The Heritage, Mines Resort City, 43300 Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia. Tel: 98-0913-343-6185. E-mail: samira_golestan@yahoo.com Received: June 15, 2015 Accepted: November 14, 2015 Online Published: November 23, 2015 doi:10.5539/ass.v11n28p84 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n28p84 Abstract This paper examines the relationship between the environmental factors of peer pressure and family smoking (parents’ smoking and siblings’ smoking), and adolescent cigarette smoking habits in Kerman (as a big province in Iran). In addition, in terms of the afore-mentioned behavior, the moderating role of self-efficacy on the link of peer pressure and family smoking is studied. A quantitative research method was used for this purpose. The sample included 300 adolescents between the ages of 15 and 18 as current smokers. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect the data which were then analyzed using AMOS Software and running Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results showed positive significant relationship between peer pressure plus family smoking (parents’ smoking and siblings’ smoking), and adolescent cigarette smoking. The relevant findings and results revealed that self-efficacy has a considerable moderating effect on the relationship between cigarette smoking behavior, and peer pressure and family smoking. The results of the present study can contribute to the literature and have significant implications for practitioners and policy makers to prevent adolescents in Iran from developing smoking habits. Keywords: cigarette smoking behavior, family smoking, peer pressure, self-efficacy, adolescent 1. Introduction Cigarette consumption is recognized as a significant public health problem throughout the world (Dhalewadikar, 2014; Reisi et al., 2014). Cigarette smoking is associated with numerous negative effects and is a major contributor to the death of people as a result of chronic illnesses (Ramezankhani et al., 2010; Center for Prevention and Disease Control, 2006). Cigarette smoking is widely considered as a risk factor for the development of lung cancer and other chronic diseases (such as cardiovascular and respiratory diseases), which are related to higher mortality rates (Hsin-Chieh, 2010). Based on the reports from World Health Organization (WHO), almost 5.4 million people die each year as a result of cigarette smoking. It is expected that this figure will increase to 10 million by the year 2025 (WHO, 2011). According to WHO (2011), cigarette smoking is the sixth leading cause of death worldwide. If this trend continues, the mortality rate related to cigarette smoking will rise to 8-10 million people by the year 2030. According to WHO statistics, more than one billion people are addicted to different kinds of cigarette, which has approximately increased tenfold compared with the 20th century (WHO, 2011). Cigarette smoking almost always starts during adolescence (Poorasl et al., 2011; Redonnet et al., 2012). Cigarettes smoking can directly affect physical, emotional, spiritual, and social wellbeing, as well as the development of individuals (Sally, 2009; Mee, 2009). Hence, as suggested by Steinberg (2010) and Johnston et al. (2013), if teenagers can be prevented from starting to smoke during their high school years, they will probably never start smoking. In adolescence, cigarette smoking is the first step to addiction and those who smoke regularly stand a higher risk of addiction to other drugs (Poorasl et al., 2011; Ramezankhani et al., 2010). Smoking has been described by WHO (2011) as an epidemic in most of the emerging countries. According to