International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Impact Factor (2012): 3.358 Volume 3 Issue 12, December 2014 www.ijsr.net Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY A Review of Dental Biometrics from Teeth Feature Extraction and Matching Techniques Dr. Ganesh Sable 1 , Dipali Rindhe 2 1 Professor, Savitribai Phule Women Engineering College, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India 2 Student, Savitribai Phule Women Engineering College, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India Abstract: Biometric is a tool of identification that has been broadly used in many applications. A biometric identification system is based on physical characteristic. Dental biometrics has emerged as vital biometric information of human being on account of its stability, invariant nature and uniqueness. It utilizes dental photograph and dental radiograph for human identification because it provides information about teeth including tooth contour, relative position of neighboring teeth and shapes of dental work like crown, fillings and bridges. A biometric identification system is based on physical characteristics such as face, fingerprint, palmprint, fingerprint, eyes (iris, retina) and DNA. However, many of those characteristics are only suitable for ante mortem identification when a person to be identified is still alive. They cannot be used for post mortem identification especially in such cases of decay or severe body damage caused by fire or collision, due to this dental biometrics plays an important role in human identification and post mortem identification. These papers address review of such different techniques used in dental biometrics. Keywords: Dental radiograph, Dental photograph, Dental Biometrics etc 1. Introduction Most of the applications of digital image processing that we have witnessed in the last two decades are in the areas of biometric and biomedical image processing. The human vision system comes across a large set of biometric features and biomedical images and recognizes them without any conscious effort. To impart this capability to a machine is, however, difficult. The biometric identification systems are useful in several applications such as commercial and law enforcement applications, especially in criminal identification, security system, videophone, credit card verification, photo IDs for personal identification, etc. Recognition of human faces, fingerprints, signatures, and many other such biometric images constitute an important area of research in the field of computer vision. Similarly there are different types of biomedical non-evasive imaging modalities such as X-ray, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound images, and many others, which are used in the medical field for disease diagnosis and treatment planning. These imaging modalities reflect the state of the internal anatomy and dynamic body functions. It is important to understand the principal imaging modalities and the processing techniques to enhance, filter, segment, and interpret such images. Teeth are parts of human organ that are not easily decayed, located inside mouth and thus they are more protected from decaying after human’s death or major accident. Therefore, teeth based identification is one of reliable tools for human identification. On average, human has 32 teeth; each tooth has five surfaces, meaning that inside a mouth there are 160 tooth surfaces with various conditions. If we use dental features as a tool of identification, manual matching of based on teeth appearance needs a large amount of time and some expertise, therefore computer aided for an identification system is needed. Teeth of a human being have its own characteristics based on a number of distinctive features for each individual tooth. These features include properties of the teeth e.g. tooth present or not present, crown and root morphology, pathology, and dental restorations, periodontal tissue features and anatomical features. During the feature extraction certain salient information of teeth such as contour, artificial prosthesis, number of cupids etc is extracted from radiograph and photograph. In this work the feature extracted is tooth contour because they remains more invariant over time compared to some other features of teeth and this thing plays important role in PM identification and Dental biometric also. 1.1 Dental Photograph Dental photograph is a pictorial view of teeth structure and its appearance; it gives relative position of neighboring teeth and shapes of dental work. It can be taken by any digital camera by stretching upper and lower lips as shown in fig Figure 1.1: Dental photograph 1.2 Dental radiograph Dental radiograph is an intra or oral image that is taken using X-ray radiation. Dental radiograph consists of teeth using X- ray radiation. Dental radiograph consists of teeth, bones and surrounding soft tissues. There are three types of dental radiograph that is commonly used in dentistry that are periapical, bitewing and panoramic as shown in fig 1.2 (a) (b) (c). Paper ID: 24121402 2720