Journal of Research Updates in Polymer Science, 2019, 8, 21-26 21
E-ISSN: 1929-5995/19 © 2019 Lifescience Global
Cationic Polymerization Induced by Tris-(p-bromophenyl) Amine
Cation-Radical Salts
Ideisan I. Abu-Abdoun
*
Department of Chemistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box: 27272, UAE
Abstract: Substituted triphenylamine cation radical salts having anions of the type SbF6
-
, PF6
-
, BF4
-
and SbCl6
-
, were
prepared and used to initiate cationic polymerization of cyclohexene oxide (CHO), tetrahydrofuran (THF), and N-vinyl
carbazole (NVC), thermally in dichloromethane at room temperature. Experimental results are presented to show the
effects of salt counter ion, concentration, and polymerization conditions on the yield and the molecular weight of the
obtained polymer. THF polymerization was enhanced by photolysis of the reaction mixture for short time. A general
mechanism for the polymerization by cation-radical salts of substituted triphenylamine is proposed.
Keywords: Tris-(p-bromophenyl) amine. Cation radical salts. Cationic polymerization. N-vinyl carbazole.
Cyclohexene oxide. Tetrahydrofuran.
1. INTRODUCTION
Great effort has been devoted in developing
systems that may initiate the polymerization processes
through various known mechanisms. Cationic
polymerization is widely applicable for both vinyl and
ring opening polymerizations giving place to many
studies of both academic and industrial interests [1].
Thermally stable onium salts, such as diaryliodonium
[2], triarylsulfonium [3], phosphonium and arsonium
salts [4,5] in the presence of low nucleophilic complex
metal halide anions are well established photo initiators
for cationic polymerization.
It has been suggested that photolysis of
triarylsulfonium and diaryliodonium salts results in the
cleavage of a carbon - sulfur or a carbon - iodine bond
to yield reactive radical cation as shown in the
equations (1&2) below:
Ar
3
S
+
X
-
------------> Ar
2
S
. +
X
-
+ Ar
.
(1)
Ar
2
I
+
X
-
----------------> Ar
.+
X
-
+ Ar
.
(2)
Accordingly, the interaction of the produced cation
radical with the monomer is expected to produce the
initiating species.
Recently, we reported on the cationic
polymerization of epoxide and vinyl monomers initiated
by cation radical salts of phenothiazine derivatives (salt
1) [5], and N, N, N,N-tetraphenyl-p- phenelenediamine
(salt 2) [6].
*Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Chemistry,
University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box: 27272, UAE; Tel: 06-505 3810;
Fax: 06-505 3820; E-mail: abuabdoun@sharjah.ac.ae
Salt 1 Salt 2
Triphenylamine derivatives are well known hole
transport materials with very high charge transport
mobility, which are frequently used in light emitting
devices and organic displays [7,8]. Tris-p-substituted
triphenylamine are readily oxidized to form stable
cation- radicals, which have been shown to have a
useful role as one electron oxidizing agents for the
organic molecules, especially as the intense visible and
ESR spectra of these salts provide convenient probes
for monitoring reactions [9,10].
This paper describes the synthesis of tris-(p-
bromophenyl) amine cation radical salt (structure 3),
and its use in cationic polymerization of selected
epoxide and vinyl monomers at room temperature.
Salt 3 X = SbF6, PF6, BF4, SbCl6
2. EXPERIMENTAL
2.1. Materials
Tris-(p-bromophenyl) amine was obtained by a
known procedure [11,12]. Monomer cyclohexene oxide,
h