Integrated SEM, EDS, EBSD and EPMA Characterization of Aluminide Coatings
on Stainless Steel
Bradley R. Johnson
1*
, Nathan L. Canfield
1
, Bethany E. Matthews
1
1.
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Energy and Environment Directorate, Richland, WA, USA
* Corresponding author: Bradley.Johnson@pnnl.gov
The outer tube used to contain all of the components in a Tritium Producing Burnable Absorber Rod
(TPBAR) is called the “cladding” and it is made out of 316 stainless steel. This tube serves a number of
important functions such as protecting the TPBAR components from exposure to reactor coolant, and
preventing the permeation of tritium from the inside of the TPBAR into the coolant. The cladding
material itself, 316 stainless steel, is inherently corrosion resistant. Preventing tritium from permeating
through the cladding is achieved by applying an aluminide barrier coating to the inside diameter of the
stainless steel tubes [1]. The aluminide barrier coating is applied to the stainless steel cladding tube
through a pack cementation coating process. This is a commonly used process for applying diffusional
coatings to a variety of alloys including Ti, Ni-based super-alloys, and stainless steel [2]. For TPBAR
coated cladding tubes, the aluminide barrier coating is applied in two steps First, a diffusional coating
of aluminum is formed on the inside diameter of the stainless steel tube, and then subsequent deposition
steps continue the transfer of aluminum from the pack to develop the full coating. Two heat treatment
conditions are used during this process. First a 1 hour heat treatment is done in Ar atmosphere at
315.5ºC. For the second heat treatment, the atmosphere is switched to H2 and the temperature is
increased to 718ºC and held for 6.5 hours. The tubing is then furnace cooled to below 540ºC in Ar, then
the Ar turned off and the furnace door is opened to rapid cool the part to safe handling temperature.
Advanced microstructural characterization of the cladding and the aluminide barrier coating interface is
crucial to gain understanding about the deposition process how to modify it to optimize the quality of
the coating. Characterization and comparison of pre- and post-irradiated coated cladding is being done
to provide new insights into the impact of radiation exposure on the microstructure and its durability
under extreme environments.
Samples were prepared for analysis by casting them in epoxy and polishing them using traditional
metallurgical methods. Due to the desire to keep the coating intact and not de-laminate it from the tube,
special care was used during the epoxy embedding process. Tube sections approximately 25 mm long
were cast in epoxy, and a 6mm piece was cut from the center of the tube (in order to avoid areas damaged
at the rough cut tube ends) using a slow speed saw. The center section was then cut in half longitudinally
to create two half-round circles. The two half circles were oriented with the curved faces perpendicular
to the polishing face, and vacuum cast in epoxy to fill in any voids, to form the final mount.
An optimized polishing process was developed using SiC papers and progressing to woven polishing
cloths with diamond suspensions at 9µm, and 3µm. Final polishing was accomplished using a vibratory
polisher, a low-nap polishing pad, and non-aqueous colloidal SiO2. This approach was able to produce
superior surface finishes that were adequate for collecting quality EBSD maps.
Specimens were primarily imaged in low vacuum mode, un-coated, using a BSE detector in order to
examine the native, un-coated surface and take advantage of atomic number contrast mechanisms to
1590
doi:10.1017/S1431927619008687
Microsc. Microanal. 25 (Suppl 2), 2019
© Microscopy Society of America 2019
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927619008687
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