Napier grass stunt disease in East Africa: Farmers' perspectives on disease management George O. Asudi a, b, * , Johnnie van den Berg b , Charles A.O. Midega a , Jimmy Pittchar a , John A. Pickett c , Zeyaur R. Khan a, b a International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya b Unit for Environmental Sciences and Development, North West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa c Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection Department Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK article info Article history: Received 19 September 2014 Received in revised form 13 February 2015 Accepted 14 February 2015 Available online Keywords: Napier grass Napier grass stunt disease Farmer perceptions Wild hosts East Africa abstract Napier or Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum), the most important livestock fodder crop in East Af- rica, is under threat from Napier grass stunt (NGS) disease. This disease is caused by a phytoplasma, which is transmitted by the leafhopper, Maiestas banda (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). After inoculation, the disease rapidly infects the whole plant causing extensive damage to Napier grass plants. There is therefore a need to develop an integrated management approach for the disease. A survey was con- ducted in three East African countries (Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania) during which 198 farmers were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires. The questionnaire addressed the prevalence of NGS, source of planting material and Napier grass cultivars grown. Farmers were also questioned on how they perceived the severity of the disease, management options and on the knowledge of the existence of wild grass hosts of the disease and its vector. Disease prevalence in survey areas was expressed as a per- centage of the total 198 fields assessed. Chi-square (c2), F tests and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were conducted to asses any differences between districts, gender and education levels with regards to the knowledge and perceptions of NGS in the three countries. The prevalence of NGS ranged from 33% in Uganda to 95.7% in Kenya with an average of 55.1%. Among the farmers interviewed, 49.5% were able to recognize NGS symptoms. Most farmers did not have effective management approaches for the disease but cited a variety of measures including roguing and introduction of alternative fodder grasses that could potentially form part of an integrated management approach for the disease. Sedge grass (Cyperus sp.) and Star grass (Cynodon dactylon) were listed by the respondents as the likely hosts of stunt diseases caused by phytoplasma. It has been long suspected that weeds could play a role in the spread of phytoplasma by acting both as reservoirs from which healthy plants could be re-infected and also as hosts for the vectors. Since there is no well-established control method for NGS, the majority of farmers uproot infected plants and replant with new ones to lower the infection pressure by providing fewer infected plants for vectors to feed on. This pinpoints the need for farmers' awareness and the need to develop resistant Napier grass cultivars as a management option. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Napier or Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) constitutes between 40 and 80% of forages in East Africa where it is used by smallholder dairy farmers in intensive (zero grazing) and semi-intensive dairy cattle production systems (Farrell et al., 2002a; Orodho, 2006). The grass is also widely used for soil and water conservation in hilly slope areas, and serves as mulch in banana-farming regions. It has also been reported as a prospective bio-fuel crop in the region (Jones et al., 2004; Orodho, 2006). Napier grass is currently used in the region as a trap plant in the man- agement of cereal stem borers, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepi- doptera: Crambidae) and Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), the most injurious insect pests of cereals and the main * Corresponding author. International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya. E-mail addresses: gasudi@icipe.org (G.O. Asudi), johnnie.vandenberg@nwu.ac.za (J. van den Berg), cmidega@icipe.org (C.A.O. Midega), jpittchar@icipe.org (J. Pittchar), john.pickett@rothamsted.ac.uk (J.A. Pickett), zkhan@icipe.org (Z.R. Khan). Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Crop Protection journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cropro http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2015.02.008 0261-2194/© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Crop Protection 71 (2015) 116e124