Journal of Reviews on Global Economics, 2018, 7, 195-206 195
E-ISSN: 1929-7092/18 © 2018 Lifescience Global
Antecedents of Entrepreneurial Intent: A Cross-Country
Comparison of Generation Y University Students
Esther Marire
1
and Manilall Dhurup
2,*
1
North-West University (Vaal Campus), South Africa
2
Faculty of Management Sciences, Vaal University of Technology, Private Bag X021, Vanderbijlpark, 1900,
South Africa
Abstract: This paper convey the findings of a study carried out to compare the antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions
of students from two universities within the Southern African continent. A cross-sectional survey, based on 400 students
from two universities of two different countries (South Africa and Zimbabwe) was conducted using a self-administered
questionnaire. Using the theory of planned behavior, personal attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral
control, and entrepreneurial education were used to predict entrepreneurial intentions. Personal attitude and subjective
norms and entrepreneurial education seem to positively influence behavioral intentions. Behavioral control showed
insignificant predictive relationship with behavioral intentions. It is recommended that entrepreneurial education should
be made a core and integral component of study at universities so that universities as social institutions can create an
impetus with a holistic approach including all role players with adequate resources to support students in entrepreneurial
ventures.
Keywords: Entrepreneurial intentions, entrepreneurship, Generation Y, South Africa, Zimbabwe, entrepreneurial
education.
1. INTRODUCTION
In the last two decades entrepreneurship has
gained momentum, forging itself as an emerging
research field, enjoying noticeable attention from
researchers and policy makers in developed and
developing countries alike (Urban, 2006; Moriano,
Gorgievski, Laguna, Stephan & Zarafshani, 2011;
Farrington, Gray & Sharp, 2011; Maina, 2011 & Duval-
Couetil., Gotch & Yi, 2014). Alongside this momentum,
an eclectic field of study has emerged; drawing on
scholars to reflect on issues from broad-based
entrepreneurship research (Taatila, 2010; Su, Zhai &
Landström, 2015), start-ups (do Paço, Ferreira,
Raposo, Rodrigues & Dinis, 2011), entrepreneurial
education (Urban, 2006; Haase & Lautenschläger,
2011; Ekpoh & Edet, 2011; Matsheke, Dhurup &
Joubert, 2015), social entrepreneurship (Viviers, Visser
& Soloman, 2012) and recently corporate
entrepreneurship (Fini, Grimaldi, Marzocchi & Sobrero,
2012).
From an analysis of the above research, this
impetus is largely due to entrepreneurship’s potential in
addressing issues of economic growth, the propensity
to create jobs in reducing unemployment levels within
economies (Nieuwenhuizen & Swanepoel, 2015;
Ozaralli & Rivenburgh, 2016). Whilst developing
*Address correspondence to this author at the Vaal University of Technology,
Private Bag X021, Vanderbijlpark, 1900, South Africa; Tel: +27(016) 950 6886;
E-mail: manilalld@vut.ac.za, royd@vut.ac.za
nations have embraced entrepreneurship to accentuate
economic growth and reduce unemployment, countries
like South Africa and Zimbabwe are still grappling to
address the twin problems of poverty and
unemployment within the Southern African region. In
South Africa, unemployment was recorded as high as
24% in the first quarter of 2016 (Yekaterina, 2016:1)
while last recorded percentages in 2014 was as high as
94% in Zimbabwe (Mangena, 2014:78). Against the
background of high unemployment rates, higher
education institutions have been involved in
encouraging entrepreneurial activities as possible
solutions to address these challenges. Plagued with
these problems, entrepreneurship is ensued as a
catalyst of economic growth and the development of an
entrepreneurial spirit among students who may wish to
start up their own businesses (Mahadea, Ramroop &
Zewotir, 2011).
The majority of entrepreneurial intention studies
were undertaken with reference to non-African nations
and those that were done in Africa were more attentive
to existing entrepreneurs (Mahadea et al., 2011;
Farrington, et al., 2011;Dabale & Masese, 2014).
Moreover, with the current rates of unemployment in
South Africa and Zimbabwe being high, the
development of an entrepreneurial spirit among
potential students who may wish to start up their own
businesses could possibly assist in the reduction of
unemployment rates; providing some comfort to
alleviate poverty in both countries (Mahadea, et al.
2011). Louw, Van Eeden, Bosch and Venter (2003)