Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ujme20 The Journal of the Middle East and Africa ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ujme20 Framing Insurgency and the Rebel Proto-State: Al- Shabaab’s Media and Information Operations Christopher Anzalone To cite this article: Christopher Anzalone (2021): Framing Insurgency and the Rebel Proto-State: Al-Shabaab’s Media and Information Operations, The Journal of the Middle East and Africa, DOI: 10.1080/21520844.2021.1962144 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2021.1962144 Published online: 10 Sep 2021. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data