Vol.:(0123456789) 1 3 Planta (2022) 255:21 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-021-03796-w REVIEW Biology and molecular interactions of Parastagonospora nodorum blotch of wheat Shabnam Katoch 1  · Vivek Sharma 2  · Devender Sharma 3  · Richa Salwan 4  · S. K. Rana 5 Received: 17 August 2021 / Accepted: 14 November 2021 © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021 Abstract Main conclusion Parastagonospora nodorum is one of the important necrotrophic pathogens of wheat which causes severe economical loss to crop yield. So far, a number of effectors of Parastagonospora nodorum origin and their target interacting genes on the host plant have been characterized. Since targeting effector-sensitive gene carefully can be helpful in breeding for resistance. Therefore, constant efforts are required to further characterize the effectors, their interacting genes, and underlying biochemical pathways. Furthermore, to develop effective counter-strategies against emerging diseases, continuous efforts are required to determine the qualitative resistance that demands to screen of diverse genotypes for host resistance. Abstract Stagonospora nodorum blotch also refers to as Stagonospora glume blotch and leaf is caused by Parastagonos- pora nodorum. The pathogen deploys necrotrophic efectors for the establishment and development on wheat plants. The necrotrophic efectors and their interaction with host receptors lead to the establishment of infection on leaves and exten- sive lesions formation which either results in host cell death or suppression/activation of host defence mechanisms. The wheat Stagonospora nodorum interaction involves a set of nine host gene–necrotrophic efector interactions. Out of these, Snn1–SnTox1, Tsn1–SnToxA and Snn–SnTox3 are one of the most studied interaction, due to its role in the suppression of reactive oxygen species production, regulating the cytokinin content through ethylene-dependent wayduring initial infection stage. Further, although the molecular basis is not fully unveiled, these efectors regulate the redox state and infuence the ethylene biosynthesis in infected wheat plants. Here, we have discussed the biology of the wheat pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum, role of its necrotrophic efectors and their interacting sensitivity genes on the redox state, how they hijack the resistance mechanisms, hormonal regulated immunity and other signalling pathways in susceptible wheat plants. The infor- mation generated from efectors and their corresponding sensitivity genes and other biological processes could be utilized efectively for disease management strategies. Keywords Stress · Biotic · Necrotrophic · Pathogen · Efectors · Resistance Communicated by Gerhard Leubner. * Vivek Sharma ankvivek@gmail.com; vivek.e6678@cumail.in 1 Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India 2 University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Gharuan 140413, Punjab, India 3 Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora, Uttarakhand, India 4 College of Horticulture and Forestry, Neri, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, Hamirpur 177 001, India 5 Department of Plant Pathology, CSK HPKV Palampur, Palampur 176062, Himachal Pradesh, India