227 Imagine the following everyday situation. You are in your study and go to fetch something from the kitchen, say, a glass of water. You go to the kitchen, but on the way you forget what it was that you had to bring. Stupefed you stand and stare at the kitchen shelves for some minutes, maybe even have a sandwich out of confusion, but still cannot remember what you wanted. You go back to your room, sit down, look at the things you were looking at before, and suddenly re- member: it was a glass of water! Although totally unrelated to the pile of papers you were looking at, the papers have still helped you to remember it. Or another situation: after 15 long years you go back to a place you used to go to a lot. Many things have changed, but everything you see seems to remind you of some- thing. Some of those things are pleasant, some are most embarrassing – something you preferred to forget a long time ago. Many of the things have disappeared, as well as lots of memories you might have had looking at them. But many other things food your mind exactly because something is so obviously missing from the scene. Tinking of these two examples, it should be intuitively clear how the link between landscape and memory works on the individual level. Living in a physi- cal environment, a human being has to make sense of it, conceptualise it and re- member it at least partially if he/she is to survive. On the one hand, when human beings move in a landscape, experience diferent feelings, solve their problems, simply live their lives, it is as if the physical environment witnessed all of it and eventually it feels as if the landscape knows more about you than the surrounding people, from whom much of what we do is hidden. On the other hand, a human being changes the environment in his/her daily activities according to his/her beliefs and values and according to his/her culturally conditioned idea of what a beautiful landscape should look like, binding the landscape explicitly to difer- ent events in his/her life. Terefore it is no surprise that environment becomes a major building block of identity and therefore memory. Landscape Image as a mnemonic Tool in Cultural Change: The Case of Two Phantom Sceneries Kati Lindström