253 Section II – Collection Management Leading to Collection Development 3D Imaging in Museums Visa Immonen and Ismo Malinen Abstract In this chapter we give an overview of technological issues related to 3D mod- elling in museums, but also discuss the broader impact that digitalisation has on collections, research and public engagement. Although the technology for 3D digitisation of heritage sites and objects has been available since the 1990s, it is only in the 2010s that its use has boomed. This development has received LQVWLWXWLRQDO VXSSRUW E\ HJ WKH (XURSHDQ &RPPLVVLRQ DQG WKH )LQQLVK 0LQLVWU\ RI (GXFDWLRQ DQG &XOWXUH 7KURXJK WKH ' PRGHOOLQJ RI PXVHXP REMHFWV WKH primarily public institutional set-up of cultural heritage becomes integrated into both commercial and non-commercial international platforms. In museums, 3D modelling is typically used to create accurate and widespread documentation of heritage objects, conducting novel academic research and enhancing public engagement. Much of the published work on 3D modelling of heritage focuses on describing and developing a technological framework. Nonetheless, from the point of view of heritage work, the most important issues are related to the selection of the museum objects for digitising and the use of the models in heritage institutions. Keywords: ' GLJLWLVDWLRQ GLJLWDO ZRUNﾀRZ KHULWDJH VLWHV PHWDGDWD PXVHXP collections Technical Issues and Heritage Discussions The documentation of archaeological and other heritage sites with 3D model- OLQJ EHJDQ LQ WKH V DQG WKH ｿUVW GLJLWDO PRGHOV RI PXVHXP REMHFWV ZHUH created in the latter part of the decade. One of the earliest and best-known ventures was the Digital Michelangelo Project in 1998–1999 (Levoy et al. 2000). It scanned ten sculptures made by the Renaissance master and produced such precise models that tool marks on their surfaces could be examined. In spite of the technology being available, however, 3D modelling had its breakthrough in museums only once the technology gained more of a foothold in other ven- ues of modern life, becoming less expensive in the latter part of the 2010s. In )LQODQG WKLV GHYHORSPHQW FXOPLQDWHG LQ  ZKHQ WKH 0LQLVWU\ RI (GXFDWLRQ and Culture started granting special subsidies for the 3D digitisation of muse- XP FROOHFWLRQV 7KH (XURSHDQ &RPPLVVLRQ H[SUHVVHG VLPLODU RFLDO LQWHUHVW by producing the Declaration of Cooperation on Heritage Digitisation, signed in spring 2019. The declaration stressed the importance of 3D digitisation and ODXQFKHG D SDQ(XURSHDQ LQLWLDWLYH IRU WKH ' GLJLWLVDWLRQ RI KHULWDJH DUWHIDFWV PRQXPHQWV DQG VLWHV (XURSHDQ &RPPLVVLRQ  7KH (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ LV