International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 13, Issue 3, March-2022 153 ISSN 2229-5518 IJSER © 2022 http://www.ijser.org Moving Hotspot Improvement Based on Adaptive Nomadic Relay Station Optimization Algorithm Ehab H. Abdelhay 1, *, Sherif S. Kishk 2 , and Hossam S. Moustafa 3 , Fayez W. Zaki 4 Abstract— The RS location optimization introduced in the most of reseaches were based on FRS location optimization. The optimum locations were estimated depending on uniform distribution assumption for UEs. However, in the practical network, the UEs distribution is randomly distributed and the hotspots positions are varying with the time. Moreover, the effect of the scheduling schemes was neglected in that study. Therefore, the results of the above study may not be considered as optimum placement of the RSs all over the simulation time. Stated in other words, in real networks the optimum location may vary according to the time varying parameters of the channel, number of RBs allocated to each UE, number of active UEs, and their locations. In order to improve the performance of the network adopted in [8], Nomadic Relay Station (NRS) with adaptive optimized location is proposed in the current study. The NRSs can be a candidate solution for time varying parameters, and moving hotspots improvement. Hotspot Improvement (HI) can be considered as a feature of LTE-B (Rel.12, and 13) [1, 2]. Index Terms— LTE-A, Nomadic Relays, Optimization, Relay Stations, 4G, LTE-B, 5G, Troughput ——————————  —————————— 1 INTRODUCTION TE-B (Rel.12, and 13) can be considered as a second phase of LTE-A (Rel.10, and 11) as shown in Fig.1 [1]. It focuses on the network as long as UEs performance improvement to meet the new challenges in the coming few years. This can be achieved by increasing both system and network capacities up to 30 times higher than LTE Rel.8. On the other hand, CEUs performance has to be improved. General enhancement tech- nologies may be added as, higher order MIMO transmission modes up to 4×4 in uplink and 8×8 in downlink, Hotspot Im- provement (HI), and small cells using optimized relaying technologies, and Pico-cells [1]. Fig. 1, LTE releases evolution [1] Hotspot Improvement (HI) is adopted in LTE-B to improve the hotspot as long as the total network performance. This can be performed by focusing on small cell spectrum efficiency enhancements using Pico-cells or FRSs as shown in Fig.2 [3]. Moving hotspots has locations variant with time according to given network parameters and environments [1, 2]. In the case of moving hotspots the Pico-cells or FRSs is not efficient. Ac- cording to this fact, NRSs were proposed in the current study. Fig. 2, HI using pico-cells and RSs in parallel with micro cells [3] 2 PROBLEM STATEMENT A practical example of moving hotspots is shown in Fig.3. This figure shows a map downloaded from Google earth for a part of Mansoura University with its nearby streets. A day time moving hotspot and its locations may be obtained in ta- ble.1 with regions shown in Fig.3. For the same network pa- rameters and assumptions given in section 8.1, the main prob- L ————————————————  *Corresponding author: Ehab H. Abdelhay is an assistant Prof. in Elec- tronics and Communications department-Faculty of Engineering- Mansoura. E-mail: Ehababdelhay@mans.edu.eg  Sherif S. Kishk is an Associate Prof., Communications Department, Fac- ulty of Eng., Mansoura University, Egypt. E-mail: shkishk@mans.edu.eg  Hossam S. Moustafa is an Associate Prof., Communications Department, Faculty of Eng., Mansoura University, Egypt. E-mail: hos- sam_moustafa@mans.edu.eg  Fayez W. Zaki is a Professor, Communications Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Egypt. fwzaki@yahoo.com IJSER